Health-related quality of life measured using the EQ-5D–5 L: population norms for the capital of Iran

Table 2 Mean EQ-5D-5 L utility scores by sociodemographic characteristics

Variable	Total			Males			Females
Variable	number	Mean	Std.Dev.	number	Mean	Std.Dev.	Number	Mean	Std.Dev.
All	3060	0.79	0.17	1505	0.83	0.16	1555	0.76	0.17
Z = 11.473,p < 0.001
Age category, years
< 30	609	0.87	0.12	341	0.88	0.12	268	0.86	0.12
30–39	726	0.83	0.15	342	0.85	0.14	384	0.81	0.15
40–49	602	0.78	0.15	252	0.83	0.14	350	0.75	0.15
50–59	539	0.75	0.17	234	0.81	0.16	305	0.71	0.16
60–69	389	0.74	0.18	207	0.79	0.18	182	0.68	0.17
> 69	195	0.67	0.20	129	0.70	0.20	66	0.61	0.19
Total		X² = 291.367, p < 0.001
Education level
Illiterate	140	0.68	0.22	52	0.73	0.23	88	0.64	0.20
Elementary	387	0.73	0.18	141	0.76	0.20	246	0.71	0.17
Secondary	516	0.76	0.17	256	0.81	0.16	260	0.72	0.16
High	1100	0.81	0.15	507	0.84	0.15	593	0.78	0.15
University	917	0.84	0.14	549	0.86	0.14	368	0.82	0.14
Total		X² = 172.145, p < 0.001
Employment status
Employed	1079	0.84	0.14	936	0.85	0.14	143	0.79	0.15
Student	221	0.88	0.11	135	0.89	0.10	86	0.87	0.13
Homemaker	1239	0.75	0.17	4	0.72	0.27	1235	0.75	0.17
Retired	395	0.76	0.18	341	0.76	0.18	54	0.76	0.18
Unemployed	100	0.82	0.17	66	0.79	0.18	34	0.88	0.11
Other	22	0.71	0.26	21	0.71	0.27	1	0.63	0.00
Total		X² = 251.442, p < 0.001
Marital status
Never married	549	0.87	0.13	387	0.87	0.12	162	0.86	0.13
Married	2358	0.78	0.17	1082	0.81	0.17	1276	0.76	0.16
Divorce or widowed	144	0.67	0.17	27	0.71	0.16	117	0.66	0.17
Total		X² = 178.314, p < 0.001

ISSN: 1477-7525