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Table 5 Observed and adjusted scores accounting for DIF

From: Measuring stress in Australia: validation of the perceived stress scale (PSS-14) in a national sample

 

Observed

Adjusted

Bias

Mean

SE

Mean

SE

 

Perceived Stress

 Education

  Up to High School

8.21

0.11

7.94

0.12

0.26

  Technical education or University

8.04

0.07

7.89

0.07

0.15

 Sex

     

  Female

8.50

0.08

8.16

0.08

0.34

  Male

7.43

0.10

7.49

0.10

−0.06

Perceived Control

 Education

  Up to High School

7.81

0.06

7.92

0.07

−0.11

  Technical education or University

8.17

0.04

8.42

0.04

−0.25

 Sex

  Female

8.01

0.04

8.27

0.06

−0.26

  Male

8.13

0.06

8.23

0.06

−0.11

  1. It is displayed the average score for each subgroup before and after adjustment for differential item functioning. The bias indicate the differences between observed and adjusted scores