Fig. 1

Hypothesized and final model with standardized path coefficients. The pathway from IOTN-AC to social reinforcement of parents in the hypothesized model was not significant, so it was removed in the final model. χ2 = 3.17, df = 4, p = 0.529, χ2 /df = 0.79, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA (90% CI) < 0.001 (0.000, 0.066), AIC = 49.17. AIC, Akaike information criterion; CFI, comparative fit index; IOTN-AC, aesthetic component of the index of orthodontic treatment need; RMSEA: root mean square error of approximation. ^*p < .05; ^**p < .01; ^***p < .001