Well-being profiles in adolescence: psychometric properties and latent profile analysis of the mental health continuum model – a methodological study

Table 5 Odds ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) of the association between validating covariates and latent class membership relative to the Languishing subgroup (Class 1)

	Emotionally Vulnerable (Class 3) OR [95% CI]	Moderate Mental Health (Class 2) OR [95% CI]	Flourishing (Class 4) OR [95% CI]
Age	1.03 [.84–1.27]	.94 [.84–1.05]	.75 [.65–.86]
Gender¹	.93 [.37–2.34]	.37 [.22–.63]	.52 [.28–.95]
Performance in school²	.91 [.44–1.88]	1.69 [1.16–2.46]	2.55 [1.61–4.02]
Family wealth³	.94 [.46–1.94]	1.20 [.85–1.69]	1.68 [1.10–2.58]
Loneliness⁴	.83 [.51–1.35]	.39 [.28–.54]	.16 [.10–.28]
Emotional symptoms⁵	.94 [.78–1.13]	.95 [.84–1.07]	.74 [.62–.88]
Conduct problems⁵	1.17 [.88–1.55]	1.12 [.94–1.33]	1.09 [.87–1.37]
Hyperactivity⁵	.91 [.74–1.13]	.95 [.84–1.09]	.91 [.77–1.06]
Peer problems⁵	.84 [.67–1.05]	.81 [.71–.92]	.66 [.55–.80]
Prosocial behavior⁵	1.91 [1.47–2.47]	1.36 [1.17–1.57]	2.13 [1.73–2.62]

Odds ratios presented in bold are significant at least p < .05 level. ¹ Gender: 1 = Boys, 2 = Girls; ² Performance in school: ordinal scale from 1 (among students with below average performance) to 4 (among students with the best performance); ³ Family wealth: ordinal scale from 1 (not wealthy at all) to 5 (very wealthy); ⁴ Frequency of loneliness: ordinal scale from 1 (no, never) to 4 (very often); ⁵ Subscales of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)

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