A cohort study of factors that influence oral health-related quality of life from age 12 to 18 in Hong Kong

Sun, Ling; Wong, Hai Ming; McGrath, Colman P. J.

doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01317-z

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Table 5 Generalized estimating equations between the factors and the OHRQoL from 12 to 18 years old

From: A cohort study of factors that influence oral health-related quality of life from age 12 to 18 in Hong Kong

	Total OHRQoL
	Unadjusted RR (95%CI)	P₁	Adjusted RR (95%CI)	P₂
Sociodemographic status
Age
12^a
15	1.07 (1.01, 1.12)	0.016*	1.06 (1.01, 1.12)	0.032*
18	1.02 (0.96, 1.09)	0.479	1.01 (0.95, 1.08)	0.759
Gender
F^a
M	0.98 (0.92, 1.04)	0.485	0.98 (0.92, 1.04)	0.510
Father’s education
Primary school graduate or below^a
Secondary school graduate or below	0.99 (0.91, 1.07)	0.713	1.02 (0.93, 1.11)	0.703
College graduate or above	0.94 (0.84, 1.04)	0.239	0.99 (0.88, 1.12)	0.929
Mother’s education
Primary school graduate or below^a
Secondary school graduate or below	0.92 (0.85, 1.00)	0.062	0.93 (0.85, 1.02)	0.108
College graduate or above	0.89 (0.79, 0.99)	0.035*	0.94 (0.82, 1.08)	0.362
Household income
below HK$10,000^a
HK$10,001-HK$20,000	1.02 (0.95, 1.10)	0.619	1.02 (0.94, 1.10)	0.646
HK$20,001-HK$30,000	1.00 (0.91, 1.09)	0.926	1.00 (0.91, 1.09)	0.987
HK$30,001-HK$40,000	1.03 (0.93, 1.13)	0.602	1.03 (0.93, 1.14)	0.552
Over HK$40,001	0.92 (0.83, 1.02)	0.103	0.93 (0.84, 1.04)	0.229
Periodontal and caries status
Periodontal status
CPI score = 0^a
CPI score > 0	1.16 (1.05, 1.27)	0.002**	1.14 (1.04, 1.25)	0.007**
CPI score < 2^a
CPI score > =2	1.12 (1.05, 1.19)	0.000**	1.11 (1.04, 1.18)	0.002**
Caries experience
DMFT = 0^a
DMFT> 0	1.01 (0.96, 1.07)	0.696	0.99 (0.93, 1.04)	0.621
DMFT<SiC value^a
DMFT> = SiC value	1.03 (0.95, 1.11)	0.480	1.02 (0.94, 1.10)	0.652
Malocclusion
IOTN (DHC) treatment need
No need^a
Borderline need	1.08 (1.00, 1.16)	0.046*	1.07 (0.99, 1.15)	0.094
Definite need	1.09 (1.02, 1.17)	0.016*	1.09 (1.01, 1.16)	0.019*
IOTN (AC) treatment need
No need^a
Borderline need	1.12 (1.03, 1.21)	0.006**	1.11 (1.03, 1.20)	0.007**
Definite need	1.07 (0.94, 1.22)	0.319	1.07 (0.94, 1.21)	0.312
No need^a
Borderline and definite need	1.10 (1.03, 1.19)	0.007**	1.10 (1.03, 1.18)	0.007**
DAI severity and treatment need
Normal or minor malocclusion-no treatment need or slight need^a
Definite malocclusion-treatment selective	1.06 (1.00, 1.13)	0.055	1.06 (0.99, 1.13)	0.074
Severe malocclusion-treatment highly desirable	1.10 (1.02, 1.19)	0.014*	1.09 (1.01, 1.18)	0.032*
Very severe (handicapping) malocclusion-treatment mandatory	1.18 (1.07, 1.29)	0.001**	1.17 (1.07, 1.28)	0.001**
ICON treatment need
No^a
Yes	1.10 (1.03, 1.16)	0.003**	1.10 (1.03, 1.16)	0.003**
ICON complexity
Easy^a
Mild	1.06 (0.99, 1.14)	0.106	1.05 (0.98, 1.13)	0.157
Moderate	1.12 (1.01, 1.25)	0.038*	1.12 (1.01, 1.25)	0.037*
Difficult	1.17 (1.03, 1.32)	0.014*	1.16 (1.03, 1.30)	0.018*
Very difficult	1.17 (1.01, 1.35)	0.038*	1.17 (1.01, 1.34)	0.031*
PAR score range
Almost ideal occlusion^a
Acceptable occlusion	1.01 (0.93, 1.09)	0.857	1.01 (0.93, 1.09)	0.906
Malocclusion	1.10 (1.01, 1.19)	0.023*	1.08 (1.00, 1.17)	0.051
Almost ideal or acceptable occlusion^a
Malocclusion	1.09 (1.03, 1.16)	0.003**	1.08 (1.02, 1.15)	0.011*

OHRQoL Oral Health-Related Quality of Life, RR risk ratio, CI confidence interval, F female, M male, CPI Community Periodontal Index, DMFT Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth, SiC index Significant Caries Index, IOTN Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need, DHC dental health component, AC aesthetic component, DAI dental aesthetic index, ICON Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need; PAR Peer Assessment Rating
Total sample size: 1253. Statistical method: Generalized estimating equations (subject variables: students’ reference number; within-subject variables: age; covariance matrix: robust estimator; correlation structure: unstructured; type of model: Poisson loglinear; model: main effects), each orthodontic index adopted one separate regression; dependent variable: total CPQ score of 12 and 15 years old and OHIP score of 18 years old classified into four groups with cut-off points as quartile (1: scores<=first quartile; 2: first quartile<scores<=second quartile; 3: second quartile<scores<= third quartile; 4: scores > third quartile); a: reference group; **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05
Adjusted RR: malocclusions adjusted for age, gender, father’s education level (primary school graduate or below; secondary school, post-secondary or above), mother’s education level (levels set as father’s education), household income (below HK$10000, HK$10001-HK$20000, HK$20001-HK$30000, HK$30001-HK$40000, HK$40001 or above), caries experience (DMFT = 0, DMFT> 0), and periodontal status (CPI score = 0, CPI score > 0); gender, socioeconomic status, periodontal and caries status adjusted for the precious variables and malocclusion measured by ICON treatment need (no, yes)

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ISSN: 1477-7525

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