Table 1 Previous validations of HADS in patients with cardiac disease
Cronbach’s alpha | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | Language | Population | Analytic methods | Number of factors | Sub scale content | HADS-A | HADS-D | Correlation between sub scales |
Ayis et al. 2018 [9] | English | Stroke (n = 1443) | ML PCA CFA (and IRT) | 2 | Anxiety: 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 Depression: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14 | |||
Kaur et al. 2015 [15] | Malaysian | Coronary artery disease (n = 189) | PCA CFA | 3 | Anxiety: 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 Anhedonia: 2,4,6,14 Psychomotor retardation: 8,10,12 | 0.89 | 0.69 Anhedonia: 0.70 Psychomotor retardation: 0.51 | Anhedonia – psychomotor retardation: 0.35 Anhedonia – anxiety: 0.47 Psychomotor retardation – anxiety: 0.39 |
De Smedt et al. 2013 [10] | 22 European countries | CABG, PCI, AMI, myocardial ischemia (n = 8745) | CFA | 2 | Anxiety: 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 Depression: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14 | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.60 |
Cosco et al. 2012 [21] | English | Cardiovascular disease (n = 893) | MSA | 1 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13 | |||
Emons et al. 2012 [16] | Dutch | Cardiac patients (n = 534) | MSA EFA CFA | 3 | Anxiety: 1,3,5,9,13 Depression: 2,4,6,8,10,12 Restlessness: 7,11,14 | Depression – restlessness: 0.62 Restlessness – anxiety: 0.68 Depression – anxiety: 0.66 | ||
Kendel et al. 2010 [22] | German | CABG (n = 1271) | Rasch (HADS-D only) | Depression: 2,4,6,12 | ||||
Hunt-Shanks et al. 2010 [17] | English | Cardiac patients (n = 801) | CFA | 3 | Negative affect: 1,5,7,11 Autonomic anxiety: 3,9,13 Depression: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14 | |||
Martin et al. 2008 [18] | German Chinese English | Coronary heart disease (n = 1793) | MGCFA | 3 | Antonomic anxiety: 3,9,13 Negative affectivity: 1,5,7,11Anhedonic depression: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14 | |||
Pais-Ribeiro et al. 2007 [11] | Portuguese | Mixed patients incl. Coronary heart disease (n = 1322) | EFA CFA | 2 | Anxiety: 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 Depression: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14 | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.58 |
Wang et al. 2006 [12] | Chinese | Coronary heart disease (n = 154) | CFA | 2 or 3 | 2: Anxiety: 1,3,5,9,11 Depression: 2,4,6,7,8,10,12,14 3: Antonomic anxiety: 3,9,13 Negative affectivity: 1,5,7,11 Anhedonic depression: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14 | |||
Barth and Martin 2005 [13] | German | Coronary heart disease (n = 1320) | EFA CFA | EFA: 2 CFA: 3 | EFA: Anxiety: 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 Depression: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14 CFA: Psychomotor agitation: 1,7,11 Psychic anxiety: 3,5,9,13 Depression: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14 | 0.82 (between HADS-A and HADS-D) | ||
Martin et al. 2004 [52] | Chinese | Acute coronary syndrome (n = 138) | CFA | 3 | Different models apply | 0.79 | 0.55 | |
Martin et al. 2003 [19] | English | MI (n = 335) | CFA | 3 | Anhedonia: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14 Psychic anxiety: 3,5,9,13 Psychomotor agitation: 1,7,11 | 0.83–0.86 (3 timepoints) | 0.76–0.80 (3 timepoints) | |
Roberts et al. 2001 [14] | English | Female cardiac patients (n = 167) | CFA | 2 | Anxiety: 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 Depression: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.60 |
Martin and Thompson 2000 [20] | English | MI (n = 194) | EFA | 3 | 1: 2,4,6,7,8,10,12,14 2: 3,9,13 3: 1,5,11 | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.54 |