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Table 1 Baseline sociodemographic, psychosocial and clinical characteristics of hospital survivors of an acute coronary syndrome according to measures of religiosity, TRACE-CORE

From: Religious practices and changes in health-related quality of life after hospital discharge for an acute coronary syndrome

Characteristics

Strength and comfort from religion

Petition prayers for health

Intercessory prayers for health

A great deal (n = 524)

Little/Some (n = 362)

None (n = 153)

Yes (n = 616)

No (n = 423)

Yes (n = 918)

No (n = 121)

Socio-demographic

 Age (mean, years (sd))

63.9 (10.5)

61.1 (10.6)

61.0 (11.3) *

63.2 (10.6)

61.5 (10.9) *

62.3 (10.7)

63.7 (11.0)

 Age (years, %)

  < 55

20.8

28.2

31.4

22.7

28.1

25.6

19.8

  55–64

29.4

35.6

27.4

30.7

32.2

31.5

29.8

  ≥ 65

49.8

36.2

41.2

46.6

39.7

42.9

50.4

 Women (%) ***

45.4

22.9

17.0

41.9

21.0

35.5

17.4

 Married (%)

58.6

68.2

61.4*

61.2

64.1

62.4

62.0

 Race/Ethnicity (%) ***

  Non-Hispanic Whites

78.0

92.0

96.0

80.0

93.6

84.6

92.6

  Non-Hispanic Blacks

19.7

5.2

2.0

17.4

4.3

13.0

5.0

  Hispanics

2.3

2.8

2.0

2.6

2.1

2.4

2.4

 Education (≤ high school) (%)

41.8

40.6

38.6

43.3

37.3

41.0

40.5

 Unemployed/retired (%)

65.3

53.9

47.1*

63.6

51.3*

58.6

58.7

 Uninsured (%)

6.1

6.3

7.8

6.5

6.4

6.4

6.6

Psychosocial (%)

 High perceived stress†

44.8

43.1

35.9

44.3

32.2*

47.7

35.9*

 Depressive Symptomsb

       

  None

52.5

54.7

60.8

50.8

59.8

52.9

66.1

  Mild

29.0

28.4

20.3

28.4

26.2

28.7

19.0

  Moderate

12.0

10.5

12.4

13.3

9.0

11.4

12.4

  Moderately Severe/Severe

6.4

6.4

6.5

7.5

5.0*

6.0

2.5*

 Anxiety Symptomsc

  None

55.3

56.6

62.8

53.1

62.4

55.7

66.1

  Mild

20.6

22.7

18.3

20.6

21.5

21.7

15.7

  Moderate/Severe

24.1

20.7

18.9

26.3

16.1*

22.6

18.2

 Low health literacy

38.0

34.4

32.4

37.1

34.3

35.8

38.8

 Low social support

4.2

2.8

7.2

4.2

4.0

3.5

9.1*

 Cognitive impairment d ***

18.9

10.8

5.2

19.2

6.6

15.0

6.6

 Patient Activation Level (%)

  1: Disengaged (lowest)

19.3

22.4

19.0

20.4

20.1

19.9

23.2

  2: Aware

33.6

34.2

47.7

35.1

37.1

35.6

38.0

  3: Taking Action

22.9

18.5

22.2

20.1

22.9

21.5

19.8

  4: Maintaining Behaviors

24.2

24.9

11.1*

24.4

19.9

23.0

19.0

Behavioral and Clinical

 Length of stay, ≥3 days (%) ***

42.9

66.0

77.8

52.6

31.2

45.5

31.4

 Alcohol use (%) ***

       

  No alcohol use

49.8

32.3

32.7

47.2

32.4

42.5

31.4

  Rare/occasional

32.8

40.6

39.2

33.1

41.4

36.8

33.9

  Moderate/heavy

17.4

27.1

28.1

19.7

26.2

20.7

34.7

 Smoking status (%) ***

  Non-smoker

35.7

26.5

29.4

34.9

26.7

32.7

23.1

  Prior smoker

49.4

50.8

46.4

49.2

49.9

49.7

47.9

  Current smoker

14.9

22.7

24.2

15.9

23.4

17.6

29.0

 GRACE risk score, mean (SD)e

99.6 (26.4)

93.1 (26.3)

92.3 (26.9) *

98.2 (26.1)

93.5 (27.1) *

96.2 (26.9)

96.9 (25.6)

 Co-morbidities at admission (%)

  Chronic kidney disease

11.4

8.6

7.2

11.8

9.9

13.8

8.3

  Congestive heart failure

13.7

9.7

8.5

13.8

8.3*

11.8

9.9

  Diabetes mellitus

33.8

28.7

28.8

32.0

30.3

31.5

29.7

  Hypertension

80.0

69.6

69.3*

77.9

70.2*

75.4

70.2

  Stroke

5.7

4.7

0.6*

6.2

2.4*

4.9

2.5

 Type of ACS (%)

  Unstable Angina

33.4

28.2

26.8

33.3

19.4

30.6

30.6

  NSTEMI

54.6

55.5

53.4

55.4

53.9

54.8

54.5

  STEMI

12.0

16.3

19.6

11.3

26.7*

14.6

14.9

Reperfusion therapy (%)

  Medical treatment

20.8

16.0

18.3

20.1

16.8

19.2

15.7

  PCI

64.5

71.8

71.9

65.1

72.6

67.0

76.9

  CABG

14.7

12.2

9.8

14.8

10.6*

13.8

7.4

 Cardiac rehabilitation referral (%) ***

33.8

49.4

55.6

35.9

52.0

40.7

55.3

  1. Abbreviations: NSTEMI Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG coronary artery by-pass graft
  2. * P < 0.05 across response categories for respective religiosity measure; a Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale Score (≥4 median, high perceived stress); *** P < 0.05 across response categories for all 3 religiosity measures; b PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire 9 item score (5–9 mild; 10–14 moderate; 15–19 moderately severe; and ≥ 20 severe depression)
  3. c GAD-7 General Anxiety Disorder 7 item score (5–9 mild; 10–14 moderate; ≥15 severe anxiety); dTICS Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status Score (≤ 28 impaired)
  4. e GRACE risk score estimates mortality risk at 1 and 3 years after ACS admission. Score ranges from 0 to 263, higher scores worse. Derived from data on age, systolic blood pressure, ST segment changes, cardiac biomarkers, serum creatinine or history of renal dysfunction, Killip class or diuretic use, cardiac arrest during hospitalization for ACS