Table 6 Known-group comparisons of the WHOQOL-HIV-BREF scores
CD4+ T cells | Viral load (copies mm3) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 200 (N = 70) | 201–400 (N = 153) | > 400 (n = 996) | Undetectable (n = 1321) | Detectable (n = 87) | Cohen’s d | ||||
Domains and items | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p-Value | η2 | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p-Value | |
Overall QoL/General Health | 13.8 ± 3.8 | 14.1 ± 3.7 | 15.2 ± 3.5 | .000 | 0.014 | 15.1 ± 3.5 | 14.2 ± 4.2 | .128 | 0.253 |
How would you rate your QoL? | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | .000 | 0.012 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | .279 | 0.180 |
How satisfied are you with your health? | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | .002 | 0.010 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | .050 | 0.328 |
Physical health | 14.7 ± 3.5 | 15.0 ± 3.2 | 15.6 ± 3.2 | .004 | 0.008 | 15.6 ± 3.2 | 14.8 ± 3.7 | .084 | 0.247 |
Pain and discomforta | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | .312 | 0.002 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.3 | .069 | 0.165 |
Symptoms of HIVa | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 4.1 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | .001 | 0.014 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | .078 | 0.272 |
Energy and fatigue | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | .044 | 0.005 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | .511 | 0 |
Sleep and rest | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | .190 | 0.002 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | .143 | 0.179 |
Psychological health | 14.8 ± 3.2 | 14.7 ± 2.9 | 15.1 ± 3.0 | .322 | 0.001 | 15.0 ± 3.0 | 14.8 ± 3.3 | .633 | 0.066 |
Positive feelings | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | .019 | 0.001 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | .575 | 0.009 |
Concentration ability | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | .326 | 0.002 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | .708 | 0 |
Bodily image self-acceptance | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | .781 | 0.000 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | .833 | 0 |
Self-satisfaction | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | .695 | 0.000 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | .396 | 0.099 |
Negative feelingsa | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | .139 | 0.004 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | .134 | 0.181 |
Level of Independence | 14.8 ± 3.5 | 14.7 ± 3.1 | 15.7 ± 3.1 | .000 | 0.011 | 15.6 ± 3.1 | 15.3 ± 3.4 | .478 | 0.096 |
Dependence on medicationa | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 3.1 ± 1.4 | 3.5 ± 1.5 | .003 | 0.009 | 3.4 ± 1.5 | 3.3 ± 1.5 | .440 | 0.066 |
Mobility | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | .081 | 0.003 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | .969 | 0 |
Activities of daily living | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | .004 | 0.007 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | .457 | 0.110 |
Work capacity | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | .082 | 0.003 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | .520 | 0.090 |
Social relations | 14.5 ± 3.9 | 14.6 ± 3.1 | 15.1 ± 3.1 | .075 | 15.1 ± 3.2 | 14.4 ± 3.7 | .081 | 0.216 | |
Social inclusion | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | .985 | 0.000 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | .161 | 0.220 |
Personal relationships | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | .942 | 0.000 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | .822 | 0 |
Sexual satisfaction | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | .000 | 0.013 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | .003 | 0.306 |
Social support | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | .308 | 0.001 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | .111 | 0.197 |
Environmental health | 14.7 ± 2.9 | 15.0 ± 2.3 | 15.5 ± 2.4 | .005 | 0.003 | 15.4 ± 2.5 | 15.0 ± 2.7 | .244 | 0.159 |
Physical safety and security | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | .196 | 0.003 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | .306 | 0.220 |
Physical environment | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | .279 | 0.002 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | .145 | 0.218 |
Financial resources | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | .000 | 0.015 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | .241 | 0.090 |
Information for daily living | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | .681 | 0.001 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | .754 | 0 |
Participation in leisure activities | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | .000 | 0.019 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | .081 | 0.180 |
Home environment | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | .374 | 0.001 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | .353 | 0.099 |
Accessibility of health services | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | .111 | 0.003 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | .538 | −0.124 |
Transport | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | .337 | 0.002 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | .562 | 0 |
SRPB | 14.0 ± 3.4 | 14.9 ± 3.3 | 14.5 ± 3.5 | .209 | 0.002 | 14.6 ± 3.5 | 14.1 ± 3.7 | .213 | 0.142 |
Personal life meaning | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | .451 | 0.001 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.1 | .926 | 0 |
Forgiveness and blamea | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | .001 | 0.010 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | .974 | 0 |
Concerns about the futurea | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.3 | .771 | 0.000 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 1.4 | .024 | 0.247 |
Death and dyinga | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | .685 | 0.000 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 1.4 | .283 | 0.164 |