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Table 2 Multilevel regression estimates for models with overweight respondents (Model 1), motorized travellers (Model 2), and the Logarithm of time spent on physical exercise (Model 3), as dependent variables
| Variable | DV: Overweight | DV: Motorized traveller | DV: Logarithm of time spent on physical exercise |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | B (SE) | |
| Fixed part | |||
| Independent variable | |||
| Logarithm of neighbourhood population density | 1.103*** (1.056–1.153) | 1.421*** (1.260–1.604) | −0.066*** (0.017) |
| Individual-level attributes | |||
| Male (ref: female) | 0.885 (0.742–1.056) | 0.734* (0.532–1.013) | 0.142*** (0.042) |
| Age | 0.972*** (0.965–0.979) | 0.965*** (0.949–0.982) | −0.024** (0.002) |
| Married (ref: single, divorced, or widowed) | 1.231** (1.004–1.509) | 1.403 (0.870–2.262) | 0.109** (0.052) |
| Educational attainment (ref: ≤ primary school) | |||
| Junior high school | 1.152* (0.987–1.343) | 2.410*** (1.747–3.326) | −0.114*** (0.041) |
| ≥ Senior high school | 1.338*** (1.096–1.633) | 8.339*** (5.831–11.926) | −0.093 (0.060) |
| Living in an urban area (ref: rural) | 1.620*** (1.363–1.926) | 1.509** (1.012–2.250) | −0.225*** (0.073) |
| Having meals ≤ three times a day (ref: meals > three times a day) | 1.093 (0.889–1.345) | 1.327 (0.823–2.139) | 0.275*** (0.063) |
| Smoker (ref: non-smoker) | 0.753*** (0.639–0.889) | 1.195 (0.832–1.717) | 0.002 (0.039) |
| Drinking (ref: non-drinker) | 0.863** (0.748–0.997) | 1.009 (0.742–1.370) | 0.128*** (0.038) |
| Having medical insurance (ref: no) | 0.944 (0.748–1.192) | 1.274 (0.773–2.100) | 0.206*** (0.070) |
| Having a physical disease (ref: no) | 1.747*** (1.535–1.988) | 1.224 (0.937–1.600) | 0.017 (0.034) |
| Logarithm of household income per capita | 1.004 (0.979–1.030) | 1.062** (1.005–1.121) | 0.032*** (0.009) |
| Neighbourhood-level attributes | |||
| Logarithm of neighbourhood income per capita | 0.992 (0.960–1.024) | 1.015 (0.938–1.099) | 0.023 (0.015) |
| Neighbourhood sports facilities (ref: no) | 0.788* (0.610–1.019) | 1.832** (0.966–3.475) | −0.039 (0.105) |
| Neighbourhood sports groups (ref: no) | 1.089 (0.851–1.393) | 0.659 (0.359–1.213) | 0.054 (0.097) |
| Constant | 1.167* (0.617–2.209) | 0.003*** (0.001–0.016) | 3.857*** (0.236) |
| Random part | |||
| Variable (constant) | 0.178*** | 1.345*** | 0.259*** |
| Variable (residual) | 1.150*** | ||
| Number of individuals | 5285 | 5285 | 5285 |
| Number of neighbourhoods | 405 | 405 | 405 |
| AIC | 6759.609 | 2482.315 | 16,295.660 |
| Log likelihood | − 3361.8045 | − 1223.1574 | − 8128.8277 |
