Fig. 1
From: Differential item functioning of the SF-12 in a population-based regional joint replacement registry
Example of MIMIC model permitting DIF for the ith item. The dashed arrow from each covariate to the ith item represents the direct effect; γk = regression coefficient for the effect of the kth covariate on the latent variable; λi = the regression coefficient for the latent variable and the ith item; βik = regression coefficient showing the effect of the kth covariate on the ith item; εi = measurement error for the ith item; η = residual for the latent variable