Vision-related quality of life considering both eyes: results from the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS)

Table 7 Linear regression estimates of the influence of both the better-seeing and worse-seeing eyes on the NEI VFQ-25 socioemotional scale score in the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS), 2007–2012

Category of visual impairment considering better-seeing and worse-seeing eye	Model 1a	Model 1b
	(n = 11,941, R² = 0.09)	(n = 11,889, R² = 0.09)
	Estimate (CI)	Estimate (CI)
BE no VI, WE mild VI	−2.0^a	− 1.9^a
BE no VI, WE mild VI	(−2.6; −1.3)	(−2.6; − 1.2)
BE no VI, WE mild VI	−5.7^a	− 5.7^a
BE no VI, WE mild VI	(−6.4; − 5.0)	(− 6.4; − 5.0)
BE mild VI & WE mild VI	− 10.4^a	−9.6^a
BE mild VI & WE mild VI	(−12.8; − 8.1)	(− 12.0; −7.2)
BE mild VI & WE moderate/ severe VI	− 16.0^a	−15.9^a
BE mild VI & WE moderate/ severe VI	(−18.4; −13.6)	(− 18.3; − 13.5)
BE moderate/ severe VI, WE moderate/ severe VI	−20.9^a	−19.8^a
BE moderate/ severe VI, WE moderate/ severe VI	(−23.6; − 18.2)	(−22.6; − 17.1)

BE Better-seeing eye, WE Worse-seeing eye, VI Vision impairment; no VI: < 0.32 logMAR, mild VI: 0.32–0.5 logMAR; moderate/severe VI: > 0.5 logMAR; all models adjusted for age and sex using both eyes with no VI as reference; model 1b additionally adjusted for socioeconomic status; CI: 95% confidence interval; ^a: p < 0.0001, R²: adjusted R²

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