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Table 4 Parent-reported mental health scores stratified by the presence/absence of strabismus (age 3–17 years). Data from the KiGGS Study 2003–2006

From: Health-related quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents with strabismus – results of the representative population-based survey KiGGS

Mental health domain

No Strabismus

N = 12,320

Strabismus

N = 575

Cohen’s d

p-value

Total score

8.08 ± 0.05

9.39 ± 0.27

0.22

< 0.001

Emotional symptoms

1.73 ± 0.02

2.13 ± 0.09

0.19

< 0.001

Conduct problems

1.94 ± 0.02

2.02 ± 0.07

0.05

0.24

Hyperactivity/inattention

3.03 ± 0.02

3.48 ± 0.13

0.17

0.001

Peer problems

1.40 ± 0.02

1.76 ± 0.09

0.18

< 0.001

Prosocial behavior

7.80 ± 0.02

7.78 ± 0.08

−0.01

0.73

  1. Results are given as mean ± standard error. Statistics were performed by linear regression model for a complex sample structure. P-values are given for descriptive purposes only