From: Psychometric properties of the Epworth sleepiness scale in Ethiopian university students
Items of the ESS | Mean | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Normal sleepers (n = 182) | Primary Insomnia (n = 147) | ||
Sitting and Reading | 0.79 ± 0.89 | 1.14 ± 0.89 | <.001 |
Watching TV | 0.41 ± 0.84 | 0.82 ± 0.94 | <.001 |
Sitting inactive in a public place (i.e., a theatre) | 0.50 ± 0.77 | 1.12 ± 0.94 | <.001 |
As a car passenger for an hour without a break | 0.63 ± 0.86 | 1.39 ± 1.12 | <.001 |
Lying down to rest in the afternoon | 1.18 ± 1.14 | 1.85 ± 0.99 | <.001 |
Sitting and talking to someone | 0.34 ± 0.64 | 0.83 ± 0.92 | <.001 |
Sitting quietly after lunch without alcohol | 0.45 ± 0.80 | 1.09 ± 1.06 | . < .001 |
In a car, while stopping for a few minutes in traffic | 0.64 ± 0.92 | 0.97 ± 0.97 | .001 |
ESS total score* | 4.92 ± 3.99 | 9.20 ± 4.31 | <.001 |