Assessing the quality of life among Pakistani general population and their associated factors by using the World Health Organization’s quality of life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF): a population based cross-sectional study

Lodhi, Fahad Saqib; Montazeri, Ali; Nedjat, Saharnaz; Mahmoodi, Mahmoud; Farooq, Umer; Yaseri, Mehdi; Kasaeian, Amir; Holakouie-Naieni, Kourosh

doi:10.1186/s12955-018-1065-x

Table 4 Univariate and Multilevel Linear Regression showing association between socio demographic variables with Relationship domain of QOL BREF in Abbottabad, Pakistan

From: Assessing the quality of life among Pakistani general population and their associated factors by using the World Health Organization’s quality of life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF): a population based cross-sectional study

Variable	Univariate analysis				Adjusted analysis
	Beta coefficient	95% CI		p - value	Beta coefficient	95% CI		p - value
	Beta coefficient	LL	UL	p - value	Beta coefficient	LL	UL	p - value
Fixed – effect parameters
Type of family
Joint	R^a				R			0.880
Nuclear	−.94	− 2.36	0.48	0.195	−.10	−1.44	1.23	0.880
Type of Residence
Urban	R				R			0.113
Rural	−3.08	−4.64	− 1.52	<0.001	− 2.14	− 4.79	0.50	0.113
Sex
Male	R				R			0.156
Female	−1.39	−2.82	.042	0.057	−1.12	−2.69	0.43	0.156
Residence Ownership
Owner	R				R			0.309
Not owner	−0.45	−2.87	1.97	0.714	−1.26	−3.70	1.17	0.309
Age (decade)	−0.05	−0.10	0.001	0.077	− 0.91	−0.16	− 0.24	0.007
Marital Status
Married	R				R			<0.001
Widow	−11.99	−15.19	−6.79	<0.001	−6.44	10.51	−2.38
Divorced	−10.29	− 23.37	2.78	0.122	−8.84	20.79	3.10
Separated	−18.03	−30.14	−5.93	0.003	−19.85	30.91	−8.79
Never married	−2.87	−4.76	−.99	0.003	−4.45	−6.47	−2.44
Education
No Education	−7.43	−10.37	−4.49	<0.001	− 4.06	−7.14	−.98	0.012
Madressa	−.93	−6.23	4.37	0.730	1.12	−3.94	6.19
Can read / write	−6.06	−9.27	−2.86	<0.001	− 2.82	−6.02	.37
Primary	−1.78	−4.44	.87	0.186	−.403	−3.02	2.21
Secondary	−1.73	−4.38	.91	0.198	−1.20	−3.76	1.33
Tertiary	R				R
Disease
Physical disability	−2.01	−8.29	4.09	0.506	−1.46	−7.14	4.22	0.887
Hypertension	−2.55	−5.38	0.26	0.076	−1.02	−4.00	1.94
Diabetes	−3.97	−8.34	0.39	0.075	−1.26	−5.52	3.00
Other	−2.05	−3.57	−0.54	0.008	−0.86	−2.72	0.99
None	R				R
Employment status
Working	R				R			0.295
Not Working	−1.14	−2.62	.33	0.12	0.53	−1.09	2.16
Retired	0.72	−2.80	4.26	0.69	2.53	−.77	5.83
Socioeconomic status
High	R				R			<0.001
Average	−2.05	−3.74	−0.35	0.018	−1.87	−3.58	−0.15
Low	−8.84	−10.54	−7.14	<0.001	−7.19	−9.00	− 5.28
Social capital	0.15	0.02	6.73	<0.001	0.12	0.09	0.17	<0.001
Random – effect parameters
					Estimate	Std. Err	95% confidence interval
					Estimate	Std. Err	LL	UL
Level 1: Union council
Sex	–				0.71	1.02	0.04	11.90
Age	–				0.04	0.03	0.01	0.17
Social Capital	–				0.02	0.03	0.001	0.390
Constant	–				0.000	0.002	1.14	0.363
Level 2: Cluster number
Constant	–				5.13	0.56	4.15	6.34
Residual	–				14.46	0.24	14.00	14.94

^aR ., reference
CI confidence interval
Adjusted analysis performed with all variables entered simultaneously into the model
Multiple linear regression was used for analysis and p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significa

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