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Table 2 Univariate and Multilevel Linear Regression showing association between socio demographic variables with Physical domain of QOL BREF in Abbottabad, Pakistan

From: Assessing the quality of life among Pakistani general population and their associated factors by using the World Health Organization’s quality of life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF): a population based cross-sectional study

Variable

Univariate analysis

Adjusted analysis

Beta coefficient

95% CI

p - value

Beta coefficient

95% CI

p - value

LL

UL

LL

UL

Fixed – effect parameters

Type of family

 Joint

Ra

R

0.999

 Nuclear

−0.28

− 1.60

1.03

0.672

0.00

− 1.20

1.20

Type of Residence

 Urban

R

R

0.029

 Rural

−4.31

−5.76

− 2.87

<0.001

− 2.98

− 5.67

− 2.98

Sex

 Male

R

R

<0.001

 Female

−2.90

−4.17

−1.62

<0.001

− 2.39

− 3.80

−0.99

Residence Ownership

 Owner

R

R

0.69

 Not owner

0.71

−1.51

2.94

0.528

−0.46

−2.66

1.75

Age (decade)

−0.23

−0.28

−1.8

<0.001

− 0.18

−.23

−.11

<0.001

Marital Status

 Married

R

R

0.007

 Widow

− 9.1

−13.04

−5.34

<0.001

−2.79

− 6.45

0.87

 Divorced

12.53

0.56

24.51

0.040

10.97

0.17

21.75

 Separated

6.67

−4.42

17.77

0.239

2.74

−7.24

12.74

 Never married

5.50

3.78

7.23

<0.001

2.67

0.84

4.49

Education

 No Education

−7.34

−10.02

−4.66

<0.001

−2.04

−4.82

0.74

0.010

 Madressa

− 2.37

−7.22

2.48

0.339

−0.38

−4.96

4.21

 Can read / write

−4.50

−7.43

−1.57

0.003

−1.20

−4.09

1.69

 Primary

−0.59

−3.02

1.83

0.630

0.91

−1.45

3.28

 Secondary

1.44

−0.97

3.86

0.242

1.51

−0.79

3.81

 Tertiary

R

R

Disease

 Physical disability

−10.54

−16.15

−4.93

<0.001

−9.20

−14.34

−4.08

<0.001

 Hypertension

−6.78

−9.31

−4.19

<0.001

− 4.81

−7.51

−2.12

 Diabetes

−12.64

− 16.61

−8.68

<0.001

− 10.31

− 14.16

− 6.46

 Other

−4.37

−5.75

−3.00

<0.001

−4.55

−6.29

−2.80

 None

R

R

Employment status

 Working

R

R

0.056

 Not Working

−3.23

−4.59

−1.88

<0.001

− 1.75

− 3.21

−.28

 Retired

−3.35

−6.60

− 0.15

0.04

−1.38

− 3.21

1.60

Socioeconomic status

 High

R

R

<0.001

 Average

−2.82

−4.40

−1.24

<0.001

−1.71

−3.26

−0.17

  Low

−7.15

−8.73

−5.57

<0.001

−5.10

− 6.82

−3.38

Social capital

0.10

0.06

0.14

<0.001

0.09

0.05

0.13

<0.001

Random – effect parameters

  

Estimate

Std. Err

95% confidence interval

LL

UL

Level 1: Union council

 Sex

0.69

1.14

0.02

17.15

 Age

0.04

0.03

0.01

0.21

 Social Capital

0.05

0.01

0.02

0.09

 Constant

2.10

1.47

12.67

13.52

Level 2: Cluster number

 Constant

3.54

0.51

2.66

4.70

 Residual

13.09

0.21

12.67

13.52

  1. aR ., reference
  2. CI, confidence interval
  3. Adjusted analysis performed with all variables entered simultaneously into the model
  4. Multiple linear regression was used for analysis and p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant