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Table 6 Adjusted least square means of EQ-5D index score by the degree of multimorbidity

From: Multimorbidity and health-related quality of life in Koreans aged 50 or older using KNHANES 2013–2014

 

50 and older

65 and older

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

Sex

 Male (Reference)

0.82 (0.80–0.85)

  

0.81 (0.77–0.86)

  

 Female

0.81 (0.78–0.83)*

  

0.79 (0.74–0.83)*

  

Number of chronic conditions

 0 (reference)

0.88 (0.85–0.91)

0.91 (0.88–0.94)

0.86 (0.82–0.90)

0.86 (0.81–0.91)

0.94 (0.88–0.99)

0.83 (0.77–0.90)

 1

0.86 (0.83–0.88)*

0.89 (0.86–0.92)*

0.84 (0.81–0.88)*

0.85 (0.80–0.89)

0.90 (0.85–0.96)*

0.84 (0.79–0.90)

 2

0.84 (0.82–0.87)*

0.87 (0.83–0.90)*

0.83 (0.80–0.87)*

0.82 (0.78–0.86)*

0.87 (0.81–0.93)*

0.82 (0.76–0.88)

 3

0.80 (0.76–0.83)*

0.83 (0.77–0.89)*

0.78 (0.74–0.83)*

0.78 (0.73–0.84)*

0.82 (0.72–0.93)*

0.79 (0.73–0.86)

 4+

0.71 (0.66–0.75)*

0.76 (0.71–0.82)*

0.68 (0.63–0.74)*

0.70 (0.64–0.76)*

0.77 (0.67–0.88)*

0.69 (0.62–0.77)*

Marital status

 Married (reference)

0.83 (0.81–0.86)

0.86 (0.83–0.88)

0.82 (0.78–0.86)

0.81 (0.77–0.85)

0.86 (0.81–0.91)

0.81 (0.76–0.87)

 Unmarried

0.80 (0.77–0.82)*

0.84 (0.80–0.88)

0.78 (0.74–0.82)*

0.79 (0.74–0.83)*

0.86 (0.79–0.93)

0.77 (0.72–0.83)*

Education

 High (reference)

0.83 (0.80–0.86)

0.86 (0.83–0.89)

0.82 (0.78–0.86)

0.83 (0.79–0.88)

0.88 (0.82–0.95)

0.84 (0.78–0.90)

 Low

0.80 (0.77–0.82)*

0.84 (0.81–0.86)*

0.78 (0.74–0.82)*

0.77 (0.73–0.81)*

0.83 (0.78–0.89)*

0.75 (0.70–0.80)*

Household income

 Quartile 4 (reference)

0.84 (0.81–0.86)

0.87 (0.84–0.90)

0.82 (0.78–0.86)

0.83 (0.78–0.88)

0.88 (0.83–0.95)

0.82 (0.76–0.89)

 Quartile 3

0.83 (0.81–0.86)

0.87 (0.84–0.90)

0.82 (0.78–0.86)

0.81 (0.77–0.86)

0.87 (0.82–0.94)

0.80 (0.74–0.87)

 Quartile 2

0.81 (0.79–0.84)*

0.85 (0.82–0.89)*

0.79 (0.76–0.84)*

0.79 (0.75–0.84)*

0.86 (0.79–0.93)

0.78 (0.72–0.84)*

 Quartile 1

0.77 (0.75–0.80)*

0.81 (0.78–0.84)*

0.76 (0.72–0.79)*

0.77 (0.73–0.81)*

0.81 (0.76–0.87)*

0.76 (0.71–0.82)*

Basic livelihood security recipients

 No (reference)

0.86 (0.85–0.88)

0.89 (0.86–0.91)

0.86 (0.84–0.87)

0.87 (0.85–0.88)

0.88 (0.85–0.92)

0.87 (0.85–0.90)

 Yes

0.77 (0.72–0.81)*

0.81 (0.77–0.86)*

0.74 (0.68–0.81)*

0.74 (0.67–0.81)*

0.83 (0.74–0.93)

0.72 (0.63–0.81)*

Occupation

 White-collar (reference)

0.82 (0.79–0.85)

0.86 (0.83–0.89)

0.80 (0.76–0.85)

0.81 (0.76–0.86)

0.87 (0.81–0.93)

0.81 (0.74–0.89)

 Blue-collar

0.83 (0.81–0.86)*

0.87 (0.84–0.90)

0.81 (0.78–0.85)

0.82 (0.78–0.86)

0.88 (0.81–0.94)

0.81 (0.75–0.86)

 Unemployed

0.79 (0.77–0.82)*

0.82 (0.79–0.89)*

0.78 (0.74–0.81)*

0.77 (0.74–0.81)*

0.83 (0.78–0.89)

0.76 (0.71–0.81)*

  1. Adjusted for marital status, education, household income, basic livelihood security recipient status, and occupation
  2. Sex was additionally adjusted when analyzed with total including both sex
  3. *p < 0.05 compared to reference group