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Table 5 Least square means of EQ-5D index score by the degree of multimorbidity and socioeconomic status

From: Multimorbidity and health-related quality of life in Koreans aged 50 or older using KNHANES 2013–2014

 

50 and older

65 and older

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

Number of chronic conditions

 0 (reference)

0.94 (0.93–0.95)

0.96 (0.95–0.96)

0.92 (0.91–0.93)

0.88 (0.86–0.90)

0.93 (0.91–0.95)

0.83 (0.79–0.86)

 1

0.90 (0.89–0.91)*

0.92 (0.91–0.94)*

0.88 (0.86–0.89)*

0.86 (0.84–0.88)

0.89 (0.87–0.92)*

0.83 (0.80–0.85)

 2

0.87 (0.85–0.88)*

0.90 (0.87–0.92)*

0.85 (0.84–0.87)*

0.83 (0.80–0.85)*

0.86 (0.82–0.91)*

0.81 (0.78–0.84)

 3

0.81 (0.78–0.84)*

0.84 (0.79–0.90)*

0.79 (0.76–0.82)*

0.77 (0.73–0.82)*

0.80 (0.70–0.91)*

0.76 (0.72–0.80)*

 4+

0.71 (0.67–0.75)*

0.78 (0.72–0.84)*

0.68 (0.63–0.73)*

0.69 (0.64–0.74)*

0.76 (0.68–0.84)*

0.67 (0.61–0.73)*

Marital status

 Married (reference)

0.92 (0.91–0.92)

0.93 (0.92–0.94)

0.90 (0.89–0.91)

0.86 (0.85–0.88)

0.89 (0.87–0.91)

0.83 (0.81–0.85)

 Unmarried

0.81 (0.80–0.83)*

0.87 (0.84–0.90)*

0.80 (0.78–0.82)*

0.78 (0.75–0.80)*

0.85 (0.81–0.90)

0.77 (0.74–0.79)*

Education

 High (reference)

0.95 (0.94–0.96)

0.95 (0.94–0.96)

0.94 (0.93–0.96)

0.92 (0.90–0.94)

0.92 (0.91–0.94)

0.91 (0.88–0.94)

 Low

0.88 (0.87–0.89)*

0.92 (0.91–0.93)*

0.86 (0.85–0.87)*

0.82 (0.80–0.83)*

0.87 (0.85–0.89)*

0.79 (0.77–0.81)*

Household income

 Quartile 4 (reference)

0.95 (0.94–0.96)

0.97 (0.96–0.98)

0.93 (0.92–0.94)

0.90 (0.88–0.93)

0.94 (0.92–0.96)

0.87 (0.83–0.91)

 Quartile 3

0.93 (0.93–0.94)*

0.96 (0.95–0.96)*

0.91 (0.90–0.92)*

0.88 (0.86–0.90)

0.92 (0.90–0.94)

0.84 (0.81–0.87)

 Quartile 2

0.90 (0.89–0.91)*

0.93 (0.91–0.94)*

0.87 (0.86–0.89)*

0.86 (0.83–0.90)*

0.90 (0.87–0.94)

0.82 (0.79–0.84)*

 Quartile 1

0.81 (0.79–0.83)*

0.84 (0.82–0.87)*

0.79 (0.77–0.81)*

0.79 (0.77–0.81)*

0.84 (0.81–0.87)*

0.76 (0.74–0.79)*

Basic livelihood security recipients

 No (reference)

0.90 (0.90–0.91)

0.93 (0.92–0.94)

0.88 (0.87–0.89)

0.85 (0.83–0.86)

0.89 (0.87–0.91)

0.81 (0.80–0.83)

 Yes

0.72 (0.68–0.76)*

0.78 (0.73–0.83)*

0.68 (0.62–0.75)*

0.67 (0.61–0.74)*

0.79 (0.71–0.87)*

0.63 (0.56–0.72)*

Occupation

 White-collar (reference)

0.97 (0.96–0.97)

0.97 (0.97–0.98)

0.95 (0.94–0.97)

0.95 (0.92–0.97)

0.95 (0.92–0.97)

0.93 (0.88–0.99)

 Blue-collar

0.93 (0.92–0.94)*

0.95 (0.95–0.96)*

0.91 (0.89–0.92)*

0.88 (0.86–0.89)*

0.92 (0.90–0.93)*

0.84 (0.82–0.86)*

 Unemployed

0.84 (0.83–0.86)*

0.86 (0.84–0.89)*

0.84 (0.82–0.85)*

0.81 (0.79–0.83)*

0.86 (0.83–0.89)*

0.78 (0.76–0.80)*

  1. EQ-5D index score was presented as geometric mean (95% CI)
  2. *p < 0.05 compared to reference group