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Table 2 Crude association between characteristics of participants and quality of life, according to gender

From: Quality of life of parents of very preterm infants 4 months after birth: a mixed methods study

 

Quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF)

Mothers (n = 61)

Crude b (95%CI)

Fathers (n = 56)

Crude b (95%CI)

Overall QoL

Physical

Psychological

Social relationships

Environment

Overall QoL

Physical

Psychological

Social relationships

Environment

Age, years (< 35 vs. ≥35)

− 0.6 (− 7.6; 6.4)

− 1.7 (− 8.5; 5.1)

0.6 (− 7.7; 8.8)

−3.3 (− 13.2; 6.7)

0.1 (− 7.7; 7.8)

1.5 (− 5.6; 8.7)

1.8 (− 5.4; 9.1)

− 0.9 (− 8.3; 6.5)

1.9 (− 7.2; 10.9)

−7.7 (− 16.0; 0.6)

Educational level, years (≤12 vs. > 12)

− 3.2 (− 9.7; 3.2)

−0.5 (− 6.8; 5.9)

−2.8 (− 10.5; 4.8)

−3.0 (− 12.2; 6.3)

− 10.0 (− 16.8; − 3.2)

− 5.3 (− 12.6; 2.0)

− 4.1 (− 11.5; 3.3)

− 3.8 (− 11.4; 3.8)

6.1 (− 3.1; 15.2)

− 11.5 (− 19.7; − 3.3)

Occupationa

 Lower white collar vs. Upper white collar

− 4.7 (− 12.2; 2.8)

− 6.7 (− 13.8; 0.4)

−6.2 (− 15.0; 2.7)

−8.7 (− 19.3; 1.9)

−12.1 (− 19.6; − 4.6)

− 8.7 (− 19.4; 2.0)

−3.8 (− 15.0; 7.3)

−1.4 (− 12.7; 9.8)

−1.0 (− 14.8; 12.8)

−10.6 (− 22.7; 1.5)

 Blue collar vs. Upper white collar

− 1.7 (− 11.1; 7.7)

2.0 (− 6.9; 10.9)

−1.8 (− 12.9; 9.3)

−6.8 (− 20.2; 6.6)

−10.9 (− 20.4; − 1.5)

−7.2 (− 14.7; 0.4)

−6.2 (− 14.1; 1.6)

−5.2 (− 13.1; 2.8)

3.1 (− 6.7; 12.8)

−14.1 (− 22.6; − 5.6)

Subjective Social Class (Low/Medium-low vs. Medium-High)

−4.0 (− 11.1; 3.2)

− 9.2 (− 15.9; − 2.6)

− 9.1(− 17.3; − 0.8)

− 9.1 (− 19.2; 1.0)

− 15.7 (− 22.5; − 8.8)

−1.0 (− 10.8; 8.8)

− 2.2 (− 12.2; 7.8)

−1.4 (− 11.6; 8.8)

9.0 (− 3.2; 21.2)

− 8.0 (− 19.5; 3.6)

Parenting stress

 Total stress scale

− 0.1 (− 0.2; − 0.1)

− 0.1 (− 0.2; 0)

−0.2(− 0.3; − 0.1)

−0.2 (− 0.4; − 0.1)

−0.2 (− 0.3; − 0.1)

−0.1 (− 0.2; 0)

−0.1 (− 0.2; 0)

−0.2 (− 0.2; − 0.1)

−0.2 (− 0.3; − 0.1)

−0.1 (− 0.2; 0)

 Stressful Life Events scaleb

− 0.3 (− 0.6; − 0.1)

−0.2 (− 0.4; 0.1)

−0.2 (− 0.5; 0.2)

−0.3 (− 0.7; 0.1)

−0.4 (− 0.7; − 0.1)

−0.1 (− 0.5; 0.2)

−0.3 (− 0.6; 0.1)

−0.2 (− 0.6; 0.2)

−0.3 (− 0.8; 0.2)

−0.4 (− 0.8; 0)

Anxiety

−1.1 (− 1.6; − 0.6)

−1.3 (− 1.8; − 0.9)

−1.3 (− 1.9; − 0.7)

−1.4 (− 2.1; − 0.6)

−1.1 (− 1.7; − 0.5)

−1.1 (− 1.7; − 0.6)

−0.9 (− 1.5; − 0.3)

−1.2 (− 1.8; − 0.6)

−1.6 (− 2.4; − 0.9)

−1.1 (− 1.8; − 0.5)

Depression

−1.2 (− 1.8; − 0.7)

−1.6 (− 2.1; − 1.2)

−2.1 (− 2.6; − 1.6)

−2.0 (− 2.8; − 1.3)

−1.4 (− 2.0; − 0.8)

−1.3 (− 1.9; − 0.6)

−1.5 (− 2.2; − 0.9)

−2.2 (− 2.8; − 1.6)

− 1.9 (− 2.7; − 1.0)

−1.5 (− 2.3; − 0.7)

Previous children (Yes vs. No)

−4.7 (− 12.0; 2.5)

0.3 (− 6.9; 7.4)

− 3.8 (− 12.5; 4.8)

0.3 (− 10.2; 10.8)

−4.6 (− 12.7; 3.5)

−1.5 (− 9.8; 6.8)

0 (− 8.5; 8.5)

−1.8 (− 10.5; 6.9)

−0.2 (− 10.5; 10.1)

−0.4 (− 10.3; 9.6)

Pregnancy complicationsc(Yes vs. No)

− 3.4 (− 9.9; 3.0)

1.2 (− 5.1; 7.5)

−3.8 (− 11.4; 3.8)

−0.9 (− 10.2; 8.4)

−2.9 (− 10.1; 4.3)

−0.7 (− 7.4; 6.1)

0.2 (− 7.0; 7.3)

4.8 (− 2.7; 12.3)

0.7 (− 8.3; 9.6)

2.0 (− 6.0; 10.0)

Multiple pregnancy (Yes vs. No)

5.7 (−2.3; 13.7)

− 4.8 (− 12.7; 3.0)

4.0 (− 5.6; 13.5)

−0.2 (− 11.8; 11.4)

3.3 (− 5.7; 12.3)

4.2 (− 4.2; 12.6)

3.5 (− 5.3; 12.4)

0.3 (− 9.1; 9.8)

2.8 (−8.3; 13.9)

0.1 (− 9.9; 10.0)

Extremely low birth weight deliveryd (Yes vs. No)

−8.3 (− 15.0; − 1.5)

0.7 (− 6.2; 7.6)

−0.5 (− 8.9; 7.9)

2.8 (− 7.3; 12.9)

3.7 (− 4.1; 11.5)

− 2.6 (− 10.2; 4.9)

−6.5 (− 14.3; 1.3)

−4.1 (− 12.4; 4.3)

−8.1 (− 17.8; 1.7)

−2.3 (− 11.2; 6.6)

Extremely preterm deliverye(Yes vs. No)

−3.1 (− 11.0; 4.7)

−2.9 (− 10.6; 4.8)

−2.1 (− 11.4; 7.2)

−1.9 (− 13.1; 9.4)

−3.1 (− 11.9; 5.6)

− 4.3 (− 12.7; 4.1)

0.7 (−8.2; 9.6)

−1.7 (− 11.2; 7.7)

−8.5 (− 19.4; 2.4)

−2.4 (− 12.4; 7.5)

Length of stay, months (≥2 vs. < 2)

− 7.3 (− 13.7; − 0.8)

− 2.9 (− 9.4; 3.7)

−5.2 (− 13.1: 2.7)

− 6.3 (− 15.8; 3.2)

−4.2 (− 11.6; 3.2)

−4.6 (− 11.4; 2.2)

−9.9 (− 16.8; − 3.0)

−9.3 (− 16.6; − 1.9)

−12.0 (− 20.7; − 3.4)

− 6.0 (− 14.1; 2.1)

Infants’ health problemsf(Yes vs. No)

−8.3 (− 15.5; − 1.1)

−5.3 (− 12.5; 1.9)

−6.2 (− 14.9; 2.5)

− 7.7 (− 18.2; 2.8)

−5.5 (− 13.7; 2.7)

−1.8 (− 10.6; 6.9)

−6.2 (− 15.3; 2.9)

− 4.1 (− 13.8; 5.7)

−13.3 (− 24.3; − 2.3)

−11.8 (− 21.6; − 2.0)

Urbanity Level (Predominantly Rural/Moderately Urban vs. Predominantly Urban)

−8.5 (− 17.8; 0.8)

−8.8 (− 17.8; 0.3)

− 9.8 (− 20.8; 1.2)

−10.5 (− 23.9; 2.9)

−8.4 (− 18.8; 2.1)

− 5.6 (− 15.6; 4.4)

−0.9 (− 11.6; 9.8)

− 6.5 (− 17.7; 4.7)

−0.5 (− 13.9; 12.9)

−10.0 (− 21.7; 1.6)

Neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivationg

 T2 vs. T1

−1.1 (− 8.6; 6.4)

−3.9 (− 11.1; 3.3)

− 7.9 (− 16.6; 0.7)

−6.2 (− 16.8; 4.4)

− 5.9 (− 14.1; 2.3)

4.2 (− 3.7; 12.0)

− 1.8 (− 10.2; 6.6)

3.8 (− 5.0; 12.6)

9.8 (− 0.3; 19.8)

− 0.7 (− 10.1; 8.7)

 T3 vs. T1

−2.2 (− 10.6; 6.1)

2.7 (− 5.3; 10.7)

− 4.8 (− 14.4; 4.8)

− 3.7 (− 15.5; 8.1)

−2.7 (− 11.9; 6.5)

4.9 (− 3.4; 13.2)

1.2 (− 7.6; 10.0)

3.8 (− 5.6; 13.1)

9.9 (− 0.8; 20.5)

0.5 (− 9.4; 10.5)

  1. aStudents, housewives and armed forces occupations were excluded; bStressful Life Events scale is composed by 24 different life events likely to cause stress (e.g.: unemployment, divorce, death of a relative); cInfectious, placental, haemorrhagic and cardiovascular complications; d < 1000 g; e < 28 gestational weeks; fInguinal and umbilical hernias, metabolic disease, ovarian cysts, bronchial dysplasia, autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, congenital malformation; gFrom tertile 1 (T1) (least deprived) to tertile 3 (T3) (most deprived)
  2. Notes: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; Bold type indicates statistically significant associations (p value < .05)
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