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Table 3 Association between demographic and health-related variables, and Exhaustion

From: Physical frailty characteristics have a differential impact on symptoms as measured by the CAT score: an observational study

Variables

OR univariate [95% CI]

OR multivariate [95% CI]

Demographic variables

 Age (years)

1.01 [0.96–1.06]

 

 Male

0.85 [0.22–3.22]

 

Health-related variables

 BMI (kg/m2)

1.05 [0.96–1.14]

 

 Smoking (pack-years)

1.00 [0.99–1.02]

 

 Dyspnea (≥ 2 mMRC)

5.09 [2.06–12.55]**

5.62 [1.98–15.93]**

 Exacerbationsa (≥2)

1.60 [0.66–3.88]

 

 Comorbilidities (≥ 4)

1.02 [0.43–2.46]

 

 FEV1% predicted

0.99 [0.97–1.02]

 

 FVC % predicted

0.98 [0.96–1.01]

 

 Anxiety (HADS-A ≥ 11)

8.48 [2.84–25.34]**

 

 Depression (HADS-D ≥ 11)

20.78 [5.18–83.28]**

22.63 [5.0–102.32]**

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, mMRC modified British Medical Research Council, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Anxiety), HADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Depression), FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, CAT COPD assessment test
  2. aModerate or severe exacerbations; **p < 0.01