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Table 1 Characteristics of 137 patients with COPD (Non-frail, pre-frail and frail)a

From: Physical frailty characteristics have a differential impact on symptoms as measured by the CAT score: an observational study

 

All sample (n = 137)

Non-frail (n = 24)

Pre-frail (n = 101)

Frail (n = 12)

P-value

Demographic variables

 Age (years), mean ± SD

66.9 ± 8.3

61.1 ± 10.1

67.6 ± 7.4

72.6 ± 5.8

.001

 Male

120 (87.6)

20 (83.3)

88(87.1)

12 (100)

.505

Health-related variables

 BMI (kg/m2)

28.9 ± 5.0

27.9 ± 4.9

29.3 ± 5.1

27.9 ± 5.1

.345

 Smoking (pack-years)

58.6 ± 25.5

49.4 ± 26.3

60.7 ± 25.2

60.6 ± 25.1

.146

 Dyspnea (≥ 2 mMRC)

49 (35.8)

4 (16.7)

35 (34.7)

10 (83.3)

.001

 Exacerbationsb (≥ 2 in last year)

79 (57.7)

15(62.5)

59 (58.4)

5 (41.7)

.520

 Comorbilidities (≥ 4)

50 (36.5)

1(4.2)

43(42.6)

6 (50)

.001

 FEV1% predicted, mean ± SD

50.2 ± 16.4

49.8 ± 14.5

51.1 ± 17.1

43.0 ± 13.8

.269

 FVC % predicted, mean ± SD

66.6 ± 18.7

71.4 ± 16.7

66.7 ± 19.1

56.8 ± 17.1

.084

 Anxiety (HADS-A ≥ 11)

17 (12.4)

2 (8.3)

14 (14.1)

1 (8.3)

.907

 Depression (HADS-D ≥ 11)

13 (9.5)

1 (4.2)

10 (10)

2 (16.7)

.477

Frailty characteristics

 Unintentional weight loss

10 (7.3)

0

6 (5.9)

4 (33.3)

 

 Low physical activity

37 (27.0)

0

26 (25.7)

11 (91.7)

 

 Exhaustion

27 (19.7)

0

21 (20.8)

6 (50.0)

 

 Slow walking speed

13 (9.5)

0

8(7.9)

5 (41.7)

 

 Low grip strength

83 (60.6)

0

71 (70.3)

12 (100)

 

CAT score, mean ± SD

14.1 ± 7.3

11.4 ± 5.7

14.4 ± 7.2

18.4 ± 9.3

.021

  1. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, mMRC modified British Medical Research Council, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Anxiety), HADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Depression), FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, CAT COPD assessment test
  2. aData represent n (%) unless otherwise noted
  3. bModerate or severe exacerbations