All sample (n = 137) | Non-frail (n = 24) | Pre-frail (n = 101) | Frail (n = 12) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic variables | |||||
Age (years), mean ± SD | 66.9 ± 8.3 | 61.1 ± 10.1 | 67.6 ± 7.4 | 72.6 ± 5.8 | .001 |
Male | 120 (87.6) | 20 (83.3) | 88(87.1) | 12 (100) | .505 |
Health-related variables | |||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9 ± 5.0 | 27.9 ± 4.9 | 29.3 ± 5.1 | 27.9 ± 5.1 | .345 |
Smoking (pack-years) | 58.6 ± 25.5 | 49.4 ± 26.3 | 60.7 ± 25.2 | 60.6 ± 25.1 | .146 |
Dyspnea (≥ 2 mMRC) | 49 (35.8) | 4 (16.7) | 35 (34.7) | 10 (83.3) | .001 |
Exacerbationsb (≥ 2 in last year) | 79 (57.7) | 15(62.5) | 59 (58.4) | 5 (41.7) | .520 |
Comorbilidities (≥ 4) | 50 (36.5) | 1(4.2) | 43(42.6) | 6 (50) | .001 |
FEV1% predicted, mean ± SD | 50.2 ± 16.4 | 49.8 ± 14.5 | 51.1 ± 17.1 | 43.0 ± 13.8 | .269 |
FVC % predicted, mean ± SD | 66.6 ± 18.7 | 71.4 ± 16.7 | 66.7 ± 19.1 | 56.8 ± 17.1 | .084 |
Anxiety (HADS-A ≥ 11) | 17 (12.4) | 2 (8.3) | 14 (14.1) | 1 (8.3) | .907 |
Depression (HADS-D ≥ 11) | 13 (9.5) | 1 (4.2) | 10 (10) | 2 (16.7) | .477 |
Frailty characteristics | |||||
Unintentional weight loss | 10 (7.3) | 0 | 6 (5.9) | 4 (33.3) | |
Low physical activity | 37 (27.0) | 0 | 26 (25.7) | 11 (91.7) | |
Exhaustion | 27 (19.7) | 0 | 21 (20.8) | 6 (50.0) | |
Slow walking speed | 13 (9.5) | 0 | 8(7.9) | 5 (41.7) | |
Low grip strength | 83 (60.6) | 0 | 71 (70.3) | 12 (100) | |
CAT score, mean ± SD | 14.1 ± 7.3 | 11.4 ± 5.7 | 14.4 ± 7.2 | 18.4 ± 9.3 | .021 |