Table 3 Item-total Statistics of the EMIC stigma scale

1 Keep people from knowing about the disability

2 Discuss the problem with others

3 Reduce the pride or self-respect

4 Feel ashamed or embarrassed

5 Have less respect for you because of your problems

6 The contact might have bad effects on others

7 The others avoid you

8 Some people refuse to visit you

9 The colleagues and neighbors think less of your family

10 Cause problems for the children

11 Problem in getting married and marriage

12 makes it difficult for family members to get married

13 asked to stay away from social groups

14 Stay away from work or social groups

15 People think that you also have other health problems