Table 5 Study descriptions

Aroian et al. [2010]

Arabic

T & PT

Cross-sectional

USA - HIC

Community

Arab Muslim immigrant married woman, N = 539

Convenience

40.2 (6.5)

Norries et al. [2011]

Arabic

PT

Cross-sectional

USA - HIC

Community

Arab Muslim immigrant women, N = 519

Convenience

40.22 (6.5)

Merhi & Kazarian [2012]

Arabic

T & PT

Cross-sectional

Lebanon - UMIC

Community

Healthy adults, N = 221

Not stated

34.0 (11.7)

Stewart et al. [2014]

Chichewa & Chiyao

T & PT

Cross-sectional

Malawi – LIC

Clinical

Women attending antenatal visits, N = 583

Convenience

25.1 (6.2)

Stewart et al. [2014]

Chichewa & Chiyao

PT

Cross-sectional

Malawi – LIC

Clinical

Women attending antenatal visits, N = 583

Consecutive

25.14 (6.22)

Cao et al. [2015]

Chinese

PT

Cross sectional

China - HIC

Community

Elderly population, N = 928

Two-stage stratified cluster sampling

*60–94 [Range]

Chan et al. [2010]

Chinese

PT

Random Controlled Trial

China - HIC

Clinical

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N = 206

Random

72.9 (7.7)

He et al. [2016]

Chinese

PT

Cross sectional

China - HIC

Clinical

Burns patients, N = 246

Not stated

25.77 (2.14)

Liu et al. [2015]

Chinese

PT

Cross sectional

China - HIC

Community

Adults, N = 1471

Not stated

34.5 (10.4)

Meng-Yao et al. [2016]

Chinese

PT

Cross sectional

China - HIC

Clinical

Patients with bladder cancer, N = 365

Convenience

63.76 (11.45)

Tan et al. [2016]

Chinese

PT

Cross sectional

China - HIC

High schools

Adolescents, N = 618

Random

16.29 (2.58)

Taylor-Piliae et al. [2005]

Chinese

PT

Quasi-experimental

USA-HIC

Community

Chinese nationals with cardio vascular disease risk factors, N = 38

Convenience

66 (8.3)

Wang et al. [2014]

Chinese

PT

Cross sectional

China - HIC

Clinical

Patients with depression, N = 100

Not stated

41.36 (15.55)

Wang et al. [2015]

Chinese

PT

Longitudinal

China - HIC

Clinical

Patients with breast cancer, N = 404

Not stated

47.64 (7.66)

Zeng et al. [2016]

Chinese

PT

Longitudinal

China - HIC

Clinical

Patients mild traumatic brain injury, N = 219

Convenience

34.7 (14.8)

Zhang et at [2016]

Chinese

PT

Random Controlled Trial

China - HIC

Clinical

Outpatients with mild depression, N = 62

Random

48.3 (17.5)

Zhou et al. [2015]

Chinese

PT

Cross-sectional

China - HIC

Clinical

Patients on methadone maintenance treatment, N = 1212

Not stated

42.5 (6.2)

Zhu, Hu & Efird [2012]

Chinese

PT

Cross-sectional, correlational

China - HIC

Community

Elderly population, N = 120

Quasi-random

71.42 (7.18)

Chan, Yu & Li [2011]

Chinese

PT

Cross sectional

China - HIC

Clinical

Peritoneal dialysis patients, N = 141

Random

57 (12)

Cheng et al. [2004]

Chinese

PT

Cross-sectional

Hong Kong - HIC

High schools

Adolescents, N = 2105

Not stated

14.8 (1.6)

Sing & Wong [2011]

Chinese

PT

Cross sectional

Hong Kong - HIC

College

College students, N = 529

Not stated

21.1 (1.77)

Kee-Lee Chou [2000]

Chinese

T & PT

Cross-sectional

Hong Kong - HIC

High schools

Adolescents, N = 410

Random

17.5 (0.7)

Liu et al. [2015]

Chinese

PT

Cross sectional

China - HIC

Clinical

Patients with haematological malignancies, N = 225

Consecutive

*15–83 [Range]

Wong et al. [2012]

Chinese

PT

Comparative cross-sectional survey

Hong Kong - HIC

1. Clinical 2. Community

1. Caregivers of stroke, Parkinson’s disease, or Alzheimer disease patients, n = 55 2. General population, n = 61

Not stated

1. caregivers- 72 (6.2)

2. General population- 72 (6.3)

Liu et al. [2015]

Chinese

PT

Cross sectional

China - HIC

University

University students, N = 722

19.68 (1.12)

Yeung et al. [2013]

Chinese

PT

Quasi-experimental

USA-HIC

Clinical

Chinese Americans, N = 14

Convenience

53 (14)

Yu Ling et al. [2015]

Chinese

PT

Cross sectional

China - HIC

High schools

Adolescents, N = 1654

Random

15.85 (1.02)

Hannan et al. [2016]

Creole

T & PT

Longitudinal

USA-HIC

University

Haitian post-partum mothers, N = 85

Convenience

45.8 (11.1)

Denis et al. [2015]

French

T & PT

Cross-sectional

France-HIC

Clinical

Post-partum mothers, N = 148

Not stated

30.5 (5.1)

Hamza et al. [2012]

Hausa

T

Mixed methods

Nigeria -LMIC

Clinical

Patients with stroke, N = 10

Random

51.5 (not provided)

Mohammad et al. [2015]

Hausa

PT

Cross-sectional

Nigeria - LMIC

Clinical

Patients with stroke, N = 140

Consecutive

58.8 (13.2)

Vincent-Onabajo et al. [2015]

Hausa

PT

Cross-sectional

Nigeria - LMIC

Clinical

Patients with stroke, N = 100

Consecutive

51.4 (13.5)

Park et al. [2011]

Korean

T & PT

Cross-sectional

Korea-HIC

Clinical

Women with diabetes, N = 123

Convenience

53.4 (5.9)

Nakigudde et al. (2009)

Luganda

T & PT

Cross-sectional

Uganda- LIC

Clinical

Post-partum mothers, N = 240

Systematic

26 (5.7)

Ng* et al. [2010]

Malay

T & PT

Longitudinal

Malaysia-UMIC

Clinical

University students, N = 237

Not stated

*19–25 [range]

Ng* et al. [2015]

Malay

PT

Prospective cohort

Malaysia-UMIC

Clinical

Female patients with breast cancer, N = 221

Not stated

551 (11.5)

Razali & Yusoff [2014]

Malay

PT

Cross-sectional

Malaysia-UMIC

Clinical

Patients with Schizophrenia, N = 70

Universal

33 (9)

Roohafza et al. [2016]

Persian

PT

Cross sectional

Iran-UMIC

Clinical

Patients with irritable bowel syndrome, N = 4763

Not stated

Not stated

Bagherian-Sararoudi, et al. [2013]

Persian

T & PT

Longitudinal

Iran-UMIC

Clinical

1.Myocardial patients, n = 176; 2. Healthy participants, n = 71: N = 247

Not stated

1. 56 (9.8)

Ghorbani et al. [2005]

Persian

PT

Cross sectional

Iran-UMIC

Clinical

Parents of pre-term & full-term infants, N = 164

Multi-stage sampling

1. pre-term - 27.6 (6.25)

2. full term-28.22 (4.54)

Adamczyk & DiTommaso [2014]

Polish

PT

Cross-sectional

Poland - HIC

University

Young adults, N = 417

Not stated

21.14 (2.05)

Adamczyk &Segrin[2015]

Polish

PT

Cross-sectional

Poland - HIC

University

Young adults, N = 553

Not stated

23.42 (3.27)

Adamczyk [2013]

Polish

T & PT

Longitudinal

Poland - HIC

University

University students, N = 418

Convenience

21.1 (2.1)

Adamczyk & Segrin[2015]

Polish

PT

Cross-sectional

Poland - HIC

University

Young adults, N = 553

Not stated

23.42 (3.27)

Martins et al. [2011]

Portuguese

PT

Cross-sectional

Portugal- HIC

Clinical & Online

Adults attempting to get pregnant, N = 312

Convenience

32.01 (4.65)

Martins et al. [2012]

Portuguese

T & PT

Longitudinal

Portugal- HIC

Clinical & Online

Adults attempting to get pregnant, N = 589

Convenience

33.8 (5.2)

Martins et al. [2014]

Portuguese

PT

Cross-sectional

Portugal- HIC

Clinical & Online

Adults attempting to get pregnant, N = 426

Convenience

1.Men- 34.3(6.2) 2. Women-32.3 (4.9)

Guan et al. [2015]

Simplified Chinese

T & PT

Longitudinal

China - HIC

University

University students, N = 202

Convenience

21.9 (2.0)

Cobb & Xie [2015]

Spanish

PT

Cross-sectional

USA-HIC

Community

Hispanic immigrants, N = 122

Not stated

33.7 (8.2)

Guillén et al. [2015]

Spanish

PT

Cross-sectional

Spain - HIC

Community

Female intimate partner violence victims, N = 136

Convenience

31.67 (SD not stated)

Ramos et al. [2016]

Spanish

T & PT

Cross-sectional

Spain - HIC

Community

Retirees, N = 991

Convenience

62.7 (5.89)

Rey et al. [2016]

Spanish

PT

Cross-sectional

Spain - HIC

Community

Adults, N = 613

Not stated

34.36 (11.18)

Trujols et al. [2014]

Spanish

PT

Cross-sectional

Spain - HIC

Clinical

Patients with depression, N = 173

Consecutive

50.2 (14.9)

Ekbäck et al. [2013]

Swedish

T & PT

Cross-sectional

Sweden -HIC

Clinical

1. Patients with Hirsutism, n = 127 2. Nursing students, n = 154

Not stated

1. Patients with, Hirsutism, 32.0 (10.3)

2. Nursing students, 27.3 (7.8)

Ekbäck et al. [2014]

Swedish

PT

Comparative, cross-sectional

Sweden -HIC

Clinical

1.Patients with Hirsutism, n = 127 2. Normative sample, n = 1115

Not stated

1. Patients with Hirsutism 32.0 (10.2)

2. Normative sample, 32.7 (7.9)

Guan et al. [2013]

Tamil

T & PT

Cross-sectional

Malaysia-UMIC

University

University students, N = 94

Not stated

38.3 (17.9)

Ross et al. [2011]

Thai

PT

Cross-sectional, correlational

Thailand-UMIC

Clinical

Postpartum, HIV-positive women, N = 85

Convenience

26.8 (5.64)

Wongpakaran [2011]

Thai

T & PT

Cross-sectional

Thailand-UMIC

University

1. Medical students, n = 310 2.Patients with major depressive disorder, n = 152 [N = 462]

Convenience

1. Medical students, n = 19.16 (1.02)

2. Patients with major depressive disorder, 41.23 (12.30)

Wongpakaran [2012]

Thai

T & PT

Cross sectional

Thailand-UMIC

University

Medical students, N = 486

Not stated

19.01 (0.90)

Eker & Arkar [1995]

Turkish

T & PT

Cross-sectional

Turkey - UMIC

University & Clinical

1. University students, n = 146 2. Patients with renal problems, n = 50

Not stated

1. University students,20.34 (1.55)

2. Patients with renal problems,37.18 (12.8)

Ersoy & Varan [2007]

Turkish

PT

Cross-sectional

Turkey - UMIC

Clinical

Patients with psychiatric disorders, N = 203

Convenience

33.79 (11.77)

Eker, Arkar & Yaldiz [2000]

Turkish

PT

Cross-sectional

Turkey - UMIC

Clinical

1. Psychiatry patients, n = 50 2. Surgery patients, n = 50 3. Normative sample, n = 50

Convenience

1. Psychiatry patients, 36(13)

2. Surgery patients, 36(13)

3. Normative sample, 35(11)

Kuscu et al. [2009]

Turkish

PT

Cross-sectional

Turkey - UMIC

Clinical

Caregivers of adult cancer patients, N = 51

Convenience

Not stated

Duru [2007]

Turkish

PT

Cross-sectional

Turkey - UMIC

University

Students, N = 340

Not stated

18.83 (1.35)

Basol [2008]

Turkish

PT

Cross-sectional

Turkey - UMIC

Schools

Administrators, N = 433

Not stated

Not stated

Akhtar et al. [2010]

Urdu

PT

Longitudinal

Pakistan- LMIC

Community

Antenatal women, N = 325

Not stated

27 (5)

Saleem et al. [2013]

Urdu

PT

Cross sectional

Pakistan- LMIC

Clinical

Drug addicts, N = 70

Not stated

32.21 (8.30)

Khan et al. [2015]

Urdu

PT

Cross sectional

Pakistan- LMIC

Community

Pregnant women, N = 349

Cluster

< 19–30+ [Range]

Qadir et al. [2013]

Urdu

PT

Cross sectional

Pakistan- LMIC

Community

Married women, N = 277

Convenience

36.7 (9.96)

Naveed & Naz [2015]

Urdu

PT

Cross sectional

Pakistan- LMIC

Clinical

Women with postpartum depression, N = 100

Not stated

27.31 (5.20)