Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants (N = 165) and scales measuring self-efficacy, depression, diabetes distress and well-being
Characteristics | N(%) or mean ± SD |
|---|---|
Gender | |
Males | 110 (66.7%) |
Females | 55 (33.3%) |
Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 65.2 ± 9 (range 35–80) |
Living situation | |
With a spouse/partner | 114 (79.7%) |
With parents | 7 (4.9) |
Alone | 22 (15.4%) |
Level of education | |
Elementary school | 54 (33.1%) |
Middle school | 63 (38.7%) |
High school | 34 (20.9%) |
College and above | 12 (7.4%) |
No. of years since diagnosed with diabetes, no. (%) | |
< 1 year | 11 (6.9%) |
1–15 years | 91 (56.9%) |
> 15 years | 58 (36.3%) |
Occupational status | |
Employed | 40 (24.2%) |
Retired | 118 (71.5%) |
Unemployed | 2 (1.2%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | |
Underweight | 1 (0.6%) |
Normal weight | 20 (12.1%) |
Overweight | 51 (30.9%) |
Obese | 94 (57.0%) |
BMI 30–34.99 | 55 (33.3%) |
BMI 35–39.99 | 27 (16.4%) |
BMI ≥ 40 | 10 (6.1%) |
HbA1ca (mean ± SD) | 57.28 ± 10.3 |
HbA1c ≤53 mmol/mol | 61 (37%) |
HbA1c > 53 mmol/mol | 104 (63%) |
Treatment regimen | |
Diet/exercise only | 10 (6.1%) |
Oral hypoglycemic agent | 71 (43%) |
Insulin | 11 (6.7%) |
Oral hypoglycemic agent + insulin | 73 (44.2%) |
Co-morbidities | |
Hypertension | 126 (76.4%) |
Thyroid disease | 45 (27.3%) |
Dyslipidemia | 141 (85.5%) |
Ischemic heart disease | 33 (20%) |
Complications | |
Kidney disease | 23 (13.9%) |
Eye damage | 26 (15.8%) |
Neurological disease | 21 (12.7%) |
Foot complications | 2 (1.2%) |
Peripheral circulatory complications | 12 (7.3%) |
IT-DMSES scoresb | |
Mean IT-DMSES 1 factor score | 8.53 ± 1.63 |
Mean IT-DMSES 2 factor score | 6.83 ± 1.76 |
PHQ-9 scorec | |
No depression | 99 (62.7%) |
Mild depression | 40 (25.2%) |
Moderate depression | 17 (10.8%) |
Moderately severe depression | 2 (1.3%) |
Mean PAID-5 scored | 39.32 ± 27.14 |
Cut-off ≥40 (elevated diabetes distress) | 83 (51.2%) |
Mean WHO-5 scoree | 63.43 ± 21.21 |
Good psychological well-being | 118 (74.2%) |
Poor psychological well-being | 28 (17.6%) |
Likely depression | 13 (8.2%) |