Table 3 Analysis of variance and test of mean differences for eight health sub-scales by age, education and wealth status
From: Women’s health status in urban Ghana: dimensions and differentials using short form 36
Age group | Mean scores (standard deviation) for Short Form −36 Eight Health Sub-scales | ||||||||
PF | RP | BP | GH | SF | VT | RE | MH | ||
20-29 | 96.4 (9.8) | 86.9 (30.2) | 79.0 (21.3) | 79.4 (16.4) | 92.1 (15.1) | 76.3 (13.1) | 86.2 (32.6) | 79.1 (14.8) | |
30-39 | 93.1 (13.3) | 86.6 (30.6) | 76.2 (22.1) | 75.7 (17.2) | 89.4 (18.3) | 73.0 (13.9) | 82.8 (34.9) | 77.3 (14.9) | |
40-49 | 89.6 (13.6) | 80.1 (36.1) | 72.3 (23.2) | 70.7 (18.5) | 89.3 (17.9) | 70.6 (14.1) | 79.7 (37.4) | 77.0 (14.5) | |
50-59 | 78.2 (20.3) | 72.3 (41.3) | 70.8 (23.6) | 68.1 (19.0) | 87.2 (20.6) | 67.3 (14.7) | 82.4 (36.4) | 76.9 (14.1) | |
60+ | 58.9 (28.6) | 59.2 (46.0) | 61.2 (26.5) | 58.8 (22.1) | 77.7 (27.9) | 62.3 (17.4) | 78.4 (38.9) | 76.1 (15.8) | |
F-ratio | F[4, 2804] = 373.71* | F[4, 2808] = 47.38* | F[4, 2804] = 45.34* | F[4, 2808] = 97.46* | F[4, 2808] = 40.25* | F[4, 2808] = 71.14* | F[4, 2806] = 4.95* | F[4, 2808] = .3.24* | |
Multiple comparisons test of mean differences (MD) and standard errors (SE) between health sub-scales and each age group | |||||||||
Broad age groups | MD [SE] | MD [SE] | MD [SE] | MD [SE] | MD [SE] | MD [SE] | MD [SE] | MD [SE] | |
20 -29 | 30 -39 | 3.27* [1.10] | 1.84 [2.13] | 3.11 [1.32] | 3.86*[1.06] | 3.17 [1.20] | 3.45*[0.84] | 4.75 [2.04] | 1.89 [0.84] |
40 -49 | 6.24* [1.21] | 5.73 [2.35] | 6.24*[1.46] | 8.43*[1.16] | 2.68 [1.32] | 5.36* [0.93] | 7.07*[2.26] | 2.07 [0.93] | |
50 -59 | 17.73*[1.38] | 14.24*[2.68] | 8.26*[1.67] | 11.52*[1.33] | 4.82*[1.51] | 9.04*[1.05] | 4.99 [2.57] | 2.78 [1.06] | |
60+ | 39.98*[1.05] | 29.71*[2.04] | 18.86*[1.27] | 21.87*[1.01] | 16.52*[1.15] | 14.78*[0.80] | 9.78*[1.96] | 3.50*[0.81] | |
30 -39 | 40 -49 | 2.97 [1.20] | 3.89 [2.33] | 3.13[1.45] | 4.56*[1.16] | −0.48 [1.31] | 1.91[0.92] | 2.31[2.23] | 0.17 [0.92] |
50 -59 | 14.46*[1.37] | 12.40*[2.66] | 5.14*[1.65] | 7.65*[1.32] | 1.66 [1.50] | 5.59*[1.05] | 0.23 [2.55] | 0.88[1.05] | |
60+ | 36.71*[1.04] | 27.87*[2.02] | 15.75*[1.25] | 18.00*[1.00] | 13.35*[1.14] | 11.33*[0.79] | 5.03 [1.94] | 1.60[0.80] | |
40 -49 | 50 -59 | 11.49*[1.46] | 8.51*[2.84] | 2.01 [1.77] | 3.09 [1.41] | 2.14[1.60] | 3.68*[1.12] | −2.08 [2.72] | 0.71[1.12] |
60+ | 33.74*[1.16] | 23.98*[2.25] | 12.62*[1.40] | 13.44*[1.12] | 13.84*[1.27] | 9.43*[0.89] | 2.71[2.16] | 1.43[0.89] | |
50 -59 | 60+ | 22.25*[1.34] | 15.47*[2.59] | 10.61*[1.61] | 10.35*1.29] | 11.70*[1.46] | 5.74*[1.02] | 4.79[2.49] | 0.72[1.02] |
Education | PF (SD) | RP (SD) | BP (SD) | GH (SD) | SF (SD) | VT (SD) | RE (SD) | MH (SD) | |
None | 70.5 (28.8) | 63.6 (44.6) | 64.1 (25.9) | 62.3 (21.6) | 81.8 (24.8) | 64.6 (16.7) | 76.8 (39.8) | 73.4 (14.8) | |
Primary | 85.6 (21.0) | 76.1 (39.1) | 68.0 (25.0) | 69.1 (20.2) | 85.2 (22.1) | 68.5 (16.1) | 78.7 (38.8) | 74.1 (15.8) | |
Junior High School | 87.5 (18.8) | 80.7 (35.9) | 74.3 (22.5) | 73.1 (18.7) | 89.0 (18.9) | 71.5 (14.2) | 82.8 (35.4) | 78.0 (14.1) | |
Secondary+ | 91.3 (16.6) | 86.4 (31.3) | 78.3 (22.4) | 76.9 (17.6) | 90.3 (18.1) | 74.0 (14.4) | 86.3 (31.9) | 80.5 (16.7) | |
F-ratio | 104.02 F[3, 2810]* | 38.93 F[3, 2810]* | 43.09 F[3, 2806]* | 62.23 F[3, 2810] | 21.99 F[3, 2810] | 44.56 F[3, 2810] | 9.15 F[3, 2808] | 30.67 F[3, 2810] | |
Kruskal Wallis χ2 | 224.0* (3) | 98.15*(3) | 95.10*(3) | 153.87*(3) | 54.98*(3) | 104.47*(3) | 24.24*(3) | 87.67*(3) | |
Multiple Comparisons method test of mean differences (MD) and standard errors (SE) between educational levels in each health sub-scale | |||||||||
None | Primary | −17.92*[1.61] | −13.62*[2.64] | −5.48*[1.63] | −7.78*[1.34] | −6.34*[1.48] | − 5.46*[1.05] | − 2.23 [2.47] | −0.52[1.00] |
JHS | −21.44*[1.20] | −17.66*[1.98] | 11.19*[1.22] | −12.28*[1.00] | −10.69*[1.11] | −8.79*[0.78] | −7.49*[1.85] | −.4.89*[0.75] | |
Sec + | −25.38*[1.30] | −23.97*[2.13] | −15.60*[1.32] | −16.32*[1.08] | − 11.86*[1.20] | −11.16*[0.84] | − 10.09*[1.99] | − 7.34*[0.81] | |
Primary | JHS/ | −3.52 [1.47] | −4.04 [2.41] | −5.70*[1.49] | − 4.71*[1.22] | − 4.35*[1.36] | − 3.32*[0.96] | −5.26[2.25] | − 4.38*[0.92] |
Sec + | −7.46*[1.54] | −10.35*[2.54] | − 10.11*[1.57] | − 8.74*[1.29] | − 5.52*[1.43] | − 5.69*[1.01] | −7.87*[2.37] | − 6.82*[0.96] | |
JHS | Sec + | −3.94*[1.12] | −6.31*[1.84] | −4.41*[1.13] | − 4.03*[0.93] | −1.17 [1.03] | 2.37*[0.73] | −2.60 [1.72] | − 2.44*[0.70] |
Wealth status | PF (SD) | RP (SD) | BP (SD) | GH (SD) | SF (SD) | VT (SD) | RE (SD) | MH (SD) | |
Poorest | 81.7 (24.2) | 75.0 (39.4) | 70.4 (24.7) | 67.1 (21.0) | 84.7 (22.6) | 67.6 (16.2) | 77.3 (39.3) | 73.4 (15.2) | |
Poorer | 86.2 (20.4) | 78.3 (37.3) | 71.1 (23.7) | 70.3 (19.9) | 87.7 (19.3) | 69.1 (15.2) | 81.2 (36.3) | 75.4 (14.9) | |
Middle | 86.5 (20.7) | 79.2 (37.3) | 73.4 (23.9) | 73.0 (19.0) | 87.9 (20.1) | 71.4 (13.8) | 81.6 (36.6) | 77.4 (14.8) | |
Richer | 86.2 (21.8) | 79.4 (37.7) | 73.3 (23.8) | 73.4 (18.9) | 89.1 (19.8) | 72.9 (14.7) | 84.1 (34.8) | 79.8 (14.2) | |
Richest | 85.3 (21.8) | 79.9 (37.4) | 76.7 (23.0) | 75.6 (18.8) | 89.1 (19.7) | 72.6 (15.4) | 86.6 (31.5) | 81.0 (14.3) | |
F ratio | F(4, 2809) = 4.63* | F[4, 2809] = 1.47 | F[4, 2807] = 5.48* | F[4, 2809] = 15.23* | F[4, 2809] = 4.31* | F[4, 2809] = 12.64* | F[3, 2808] =4.83* | F[3, 2810] =24.18* | |
Multiple Comparisons test of mean differences (MD) and standard errors (SE) between each pair of SES in each health sub-scale | |||||||||
Poorest | Poorer | −4.47*[1.28] | N/A | −0.69 [1.41] | −3.26*[1.15] | −2.96 [1.20] | −1.41 [0.89] | − 3.80 [2.11] | − 2.04 [0.86] |
Middle | −4.82*[1.29] | −2.93 [1.42] | −5.94*[1.16] | −3.24 [1.21] | −3.75*[0.90] | − 4.26 [2.14] | − 3.97*[0.87] | ||
Richer | −4.45*[1.30] | −2.82 [2.43] | −6.37*[1.17] | −4.42*[1.21] | −5.22*[0.90] | −6.75* [2.15] | − 6.44*[0.88] | ||
Richest | −3.59 [1.35] | −6.25*[1.49] | −8.59*[1.22] | −4.44* [1.27] | − 4.94*[0.94] | −9.19* [2.24] | − 7.61*[0.91] | ||
Poorer | Middle | −0.35 [1.25] | −2.25 [1.38] | −2.69 [1.13] | −0.28 [1.17] | − 2.35 [0.87] | − 0.46 [2.07] | −1.92 [0.85] | |
Richer | 0.02 [1.26] | − 2.13 [1.38] | −3.11* [1.13] | −1.46 [1.18] | −3.81*[0.87] | − 2.95 [2.08] | −4.40*[0.85] | ||
Richest | 0.88 [1.32] | −5.56* [1.44] | −5.34*[1.18] | −1.48 [1.23 | −3.54* [0.91] | − 5.39 [2.17] | −5.56*[0.89] | ||
Middle | Richer | 0.37 [1.27] | 0.12 [1.40] | −0.42 [1.22] | −1.18 [1.19] | −1.47 [0.88] | −2.49 [2.10] | −2.47* [0.86] | |
Richest | 1.23 [1.33] | −3.32 [1.47] | −2.65 [1.19] | −1.20 [1.24] | −1.19 [0.92] | −4.93 [2.20] | −3.64*[0.90] | ||
Richer | Richest | 0.86 [1.34] | −3.43 [1.47] | −2.23 [1.20] | −0.02 [1.25] | 0.28 [0.93] | −2.44 [2.21] | −1.17 [0.91] | |