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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the OFS and all the study measures

From: Development and validation of the openness to the future scale: a prospective protective factor

 

Clinical Population Mean (SD)

General Population Mean (SD)

t

p

Cohen’s d [95% CI]

OFS

32.29 (7.93)

39.02 (4.95)

15.85

<.001

−1.11 [− 1.23, −.99]

BHS

7.62 (5.91)

3.54 (3.22)

−9.64

<.001

.96 [.83, 1.08]

PSWQ

60.31 (12.11)

50.54 (13)

−7.86

<.001

.77 [.65, .89]

ODSIS

7.89 (5.37)

3.73 (4.13)

−8.32

<.001

.91 [.79, 1.03]

OASIS

9.66 (4.98)

5.02 (4.07)

−13.6

<.001

1.06 [.93, 1.18]

RSES

1.42 (0.93)

2.2 (0.72)

9.04

<.001

−.98 [−1.11, −.86]

GSES

27.07 (8.5)

33.17 (6.55)

9.88

<.001

−.84 [−.96, −.72]

LOT-R

16.02 (4.11)

20.65 (4.5)

7.05

<.001

−1.06 [−1.18, −.93]

PANAS-P

25.81 (8.82)

34.23 (7.24)

13.99

<.001

−1.08 [− 1.21, −.96]

PANAS-N

26.62 (8.61)

19.37 (6.85)

−12.41

<.001

.97 [.85, 1.10]

SPT-POS

41.79 (10.65)

50.18 (9.21)

9.7

<.001

−.86 [−.99, −.74]

SPT-NEG

77.53 (27.4)

67.53 (21.88)

−4.57

<.001

.42 [.30, .54]

BP-SA

5.18 (1.62)

5.8 (1.43)

4.41

<.001

−.41 [−.53, −.30]

BP-PR

4.19 (1.32)

4.87 (1.01)

5.65

<.001

−.61 [−.73, −.49]

BP-EM

3.61 (1.08)

4.34 (.87)

7.35

<.001

−.77 [−.89, −.65]

BP-A

3.67 (1.08)

4.4 (.94)

7.85

<.001

−.74 [−.86, −.62]

BP-PG

4.35 (1.28)

5.04 (.8)

5.96

<.001

.70 [−.82, −.59]

BP-PL

3.65 (1.32)

4.73 (.92)

9.08

<.001

−1.01 [−1.14, −.89]

  1. Applying a Bonferroni correction p = .002 is needed to achieve a significant result. Accordingly, all t-tests were statistically significant. OFS Openness to the Future Scale; BHS Beck Hopelessness Scale. Score 0 to 3 (none or minimal); 4 to 8 (mild), PSWQ Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Total score ranges from 16 to 80; ODSIS Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale. Total score ranges from 0 to 20. Higher scores are indicative of greater depression-related severity and impairment, OASIS Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale. Total score ranges from 0 to 20. Higher scores are indicative of greater anxiety-related severity and impairment; RSES Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Item score ranges from 0 to 4. Higher scores indicate higher self-esteem; GSES General self-efficacy total scale. Total score ranges from 12 to 60. Higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy; LOT-R Life Orientation Test. Total score ranges from 0 to 32. Higher scores indicate higher dispositional optimism; PANAS-PA and PANAS-NA, positive and negative affect scale. Scores can range from 10 to 50 in both subscales. Higher scores representing higher levels of positive and negative affect; SPT-POS and SPT-NEG positive and negative future expectations. SPT-POS ranges from 10 to 70 and SPT-NEG from 20 to 140. Higher scores representing higher levels of positive and negative expectancies; BP-A Ryff Scales of Psychological Well Being, autonomy subscale (range 6–36); BP-EM environmental mastery (range 5–30), BP-PG personal growth (range 4–24), BP-PR positive relations with others (range 5–30), BP-PL purpose in life (range 5–30), BP-SA self-acceptance (range 4–24). For each subscale, a high score indicates that the respondent has a mastery of that area in his or her life
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

ISSN: 1477-7525

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