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Table 3 Parent-Reported Quality of Life Scores of Patients With CDH Stratified by Characteristics at Birth, CDH Severity, and Major Lifetime Comorbid Conditions

From: Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a cross-sectional study

Characteristic

Patients (n)

Mean Overall Score (SD)

P Value*

Mean Physical Score (SD)

P Value*

Mean Psychosocial Score (SD)

P Value*

Characteristics at birth

Sex

  

0.38

 

0.72

 

0.35

 Male

29

82.7 (15.4)

 

82.9 (18.3)

 

81.7 (16.0)

 

 Female

16

78.5 (13.5)

 

81.0 (14.9)

 

77.1 (14.5)

 

Probability of survival score

  

0.08

 

0.06

 

0.08

 Low or intermediate

14

75.5 (18.1)

 

75.0 (20.1)

 

74.0 (18.4)

 

 High

31

83.7 (12.5)

 

85.4 (14.7)

 

82.8 (13.3)

 

CDH type

  

0.81

 

0.94

 

0.62

 Liver down

32

80.8 (13.4)

 

82.1 (15.7)

 

79.3 (14.3)

 

 Liver up

13

82.1 (18.3)

 

82.5 (20.7)

 

81.9 (18.5)

 

BPD

  

0.003

 

0.01

 

0.007

 Yes

15

72.2 (19.2)

 

73.3 (20.3)

 

71.5 (20.0)

 

 No

30

85.7 (9.5)

 

86.7 (13.4)

 

84.4 (10.5)

 

Initial hospitalization, days

  

0.01

 

0.15

 

0.008

  ≤ 30

24

86.9 (8.3)

 

86.1 (14.1)

 

86.4 (8.6)

 

 31–60

11

77.4 (10.3)

 

81.4 (16.3)

 

75.0 (10.1)

 

  ≥ 61

10

71.3 (23.7)

 

73.7 (22.3)

 

70.4 (24.9)

 

Mechanical ventilation, days

  

0.08

 

0.07

 

0.12

  ≤ 7

22

86.6 (8.8)

 

88.5 (12.3)

 

85.4 (9.4)

 

 8–21

13

78.4 (13.0)

 

78.7 (15.6)

 

76.8 (14.1)

 

  ≥ 22

9

76.6 (20.0)

 

75.2 (23.3)

 

77.1 (19.6)

 

Postdischarge events

 Hospitalizations, n

  

0.08

 

0.03

 

0.13

  0

12

86.8 (10.0)

 

88.3 (9.5)

 

85.8 (12.1)

 

  1–2

17

83.1 (10.2)

 

86.3 (15.1)

 

81.5 (10.0)

 

   ≥ 3

16

74.9 (19.6)

 

73.3 (20.2)

 

74.3 (20.5)

 

Characteristics at testing

 Age

  

0.03

 

0.045

 

0.03

   < 24 months

8

83.8 (9.2)

 

83.9 (7.8)

 

83.7 (11.3)

 

  2–4 years

7

93.2 (5.8)

 

97.3 (4.9)

 

90.7 (7.3)

 

  5–12 years

18

74.5 (17.2)

 

76.4 (19.0)

 

72.5 (18.2)

 

   ≥ 13 years

12

82.4 (13.1)

 

81.0 (18.5)

 

82.8 (12.2)

 

 Digestive issues

  

0.06

 

0.046

 

0.07

  Yes

23

77.2 (17.2)

 

77.3 (19.3)

 

76.0 (17.9)

 

  No

22

85.4 (10.5)

 

87.3 (12.7)

 

84.3 (11.3)

 

 Respiratory issues

  

0.40

 

0.13

 

0.62

  Yes

29

79.8 (15.7)

 

79.3 (17.8)

 

79.2 (16.3)

 

  No

16

83.7 (13.0)

 

87.4 (14.7)

 

81.6 (14.1)

 

 Orthopedic issues

  

0.01

 

0.007

 

0.04

  Yes

6

67.0 (21.9)

 

65.1 (23.4)

 

68.1 (22.1)

 

  No

39

83.4 (12.3)

 

84.8 (14.5)

 

81.9 (13.6)

 

 Neurologic issues

  

< 0.001

 

0.05

 

< 0.001

  Yesa

7

64.7 (22.6)

 

70.8 (24.3)

 

60.4 (21.1)

 

  No

38

84.2 (10.7)

 

84.3 (14.8)

 

83.7 (11.1)

 
  1. BPD Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, CDH Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, SD Standard deviation. All scores are expressed as mean (SD)
  2. aAll 7 patients with CDH and neurologic issues had severe cognitive impairment; 1 patient also had cerebral palsy
  3. *The given health-related quality of life score was compared across groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA)
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

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