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Table 1 Sample characteristics stratified by sex (wave 5, n = 7838)

From: Self-efficacy moderates the relationship between health comparisons and social exclusion: results of the German ageing survey

 

Men (n = 3842)

Women (n = 3996)

N/Mean (Range)

%/(SD)

N/Mean (Range)

%/(SD)

Age in years

65.5 (40–93)

(11.2)

63.2 (40–95)

(10.9)

Marital status: married and living together with spouse’

2939

76.7%

2537

63.6%

Monthly net equivalent income in Euro

2018.6 (122–33,333)

(1497.0)

1870,7 (80–30,000)

(1256.1)

Region: West Germany

2598

67.6%

2668

66.7%

Body-Mass-Index (BMI)

27.4 (13.2–60.9)

(4.1)

26.4 (15.6–60.6)

(5.0)

Smoking status: Daily

539

14.1%

537

13.6%

- Yes, sometimes

176

4.6%

133

3.4%

- Not anymore

1745

45.7%

1134

28.8%

- Never been smoker

1362

35.6%

2138

54.2%

Consumption of alcohol: Daily

692

18.3%

233

5.9%

- several times a week

1184

31.2%

698

17.8%

- once a week

603

15.9%

641

16.3%

- one to three times a month

378

10.0%

560

14.2%

- less frequently

592

15.6%

1270

32.3%

- never

342

9.0%

532

13.5%

Physical activity: Daily

308

8.0%

355

8.9%

- several times a week

976

25.4%

1160

29.0%

- once a week

611

15.9%

816

20.4%

- one to three times a month

332

8.6%

260

6.5%

- less frequently

510

13.3%

408

10.2%

- never

1104

28.8%

997

25.0%

Number of physical illnesses

2.7 (0–11)

(1.9)

2.5 (0–10)

(1.9)

Self-rated health (from 1 = “very good” to 5 = “very bad”)

2.5 (1–5)

(0.8)

2.5 (1–5)

(0.8)

Health comparisons: Much better

532

14.1%

602

15.4%

Somewhat better

1648

43.7%

1469

37.5%

The same

1078

28.6%

1277

32.6%

Somewhat worse

397

10.5%

418

10.6%

Much worse

119

3.1%

154

3.9%

Self-efficacy (from 1 to 4; higher values reflect higher self-efficacy)

3.1 (1.2–4)

0.4

3.1 (1–4)

0.4

Social exclusion (from 1 to 4; higher values reflect higher social exclusion)

1.6 (1–4)

0.6

1.6 (1–4)

0.6

  1. According to Schwarzer and Jerusalem [24, 25], self-efficacy was measured. Social exclusion was quantified using a scale constructed by Bude and Lantermann [23]