Table 1 Demographic characteristics of children and parents at baseline visit (V2)
From: Initial psychometric validation of the questionnaire on pain caused by spasticity (QPS)
|  |  | Children, N = 137 | Parents, N = 137 |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | Mean (SD, range) | 6.6 (3.2, 2.0–17.5) | 39.6 (11.0, 24.9–69.1) |
Gender, n (%) | Male | 94 (68.6) | 23 (16.8) |
Female | 43 (31.4) | 114 (83.2) | |
Education Category, n (%) | Elementary school | 136 (99.3) | 32 (23.4) |
High school | 1 (0.7) | 75 (54.7) | |
University | – | 30 (21.9) | |
Ethnic group, n (%) | Chinese | 128 (93.4) | 129 (94.2) |
Non-Chinesea | 9 (6.6) | 8 (5.8) | |
Age at CP diagnosis, years | Mean (SD, range) | 1.8 (1.7, 0.1–10) |  |
Age at spasticity diagnosis, years | Mean (SD, range) | 1.9 (1.6, 0.1–10) |  |
Main Cause of CP, n (%)b | Premature delivery | 70 (51.1) | Â |
Lacking oxygen | 46 (33.6) | Â | |
Low birth weight | 13 (9.5) | Â | |
Brain conditions | 9 (6.6) | Â | |
Reason unclear | 12 (8.8) | Â | |
Other causes | 25 (18.2) | Â | |
GMFCS, n (%) | Level I – Walks without limitations | 27 (19.7) |  |
Level II – Walks with limitations | 46 (33.6) |  | |
Level III –Walks using a hand-held mobility device | 29 (21.2) |  | |
Level IV –Self-mobility with limitations; may use powered mobility | 13 (9.5) |  | |
Level V – Transported in a manual wheelchair | 22 (16.1) |  | |
MACS, n (%) | Level I – Handles objects easily and successfully | 40 (29.2) |  |
Level II – Handles most objects but with somewhat reduced quality and/or speed of achievement | 49 (35.8) |  | |
Level III – Handles objects with difficulty; needs help to prepare and/or modify activities | 30 (21.9) |  | |
Level IV – Handles a limited selection of easily managed objects in adapted situations | 10 (7.3) |  | |
Level V – Does not handle objects and has severely limited ability to perform even simple actions. | 4 (2.9) |  | |
Missing | 4 (2.9) | Â |