The Onset of ADL Difficulties and Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life

Lyu, Wei; Wolinsky, Fredric D.

doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0792-8

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Table 6 Full Results for Marginal Effects of On-set ADLs on Physical Unhealthy Days by using Zero-inflated Negative Binomial Regression

From: The Onset of ADL Difficulties and Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life

	Each ADL						ADL Counts
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
	PUD	PUD	PUD	PUD	PUD	PUD	PUD
N	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282
Physically Unhealthy Days (PHYUD)_Baseline	0.446***	0.478***	0.590***	0.382***	0.264***	0.529***	0.171***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.00)
Mentally Unhealthy Days (MENUD)_Baseline
Male	0.184***	0.118***	0.181***	0.144***	0.129***	0.153***	0.111***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Race Category
White	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Black	0.246***	0.259***	0.258***	0.350***	0.446***	0.269***	0.393***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Other	-0.165	-0.166	-0.206*	-0.0760	-0.136	-0.195*	-0.0743
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)
Asian	-0.135	-0.128	-0.132	-0.0922	-0.130	-0.188*	-0.155
	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)
Hispanic	0.482***	0.436***	0.463***	0.444***	0.498***	0.463***	0.422***
	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)
American Native	0.628*	0.643*	0.687*	0.725**	0.531*	0.816**	0.391
	(0.26)	(0.26)	(0.27)	(0.27)	(0.24)	(0.29)	(0.21)
Unknown	-0.544*	-0.599**	-0.563*	-0.490*	-0.423*	-0.523*	-0.433*
	(0.23)	(0.21)	(0.22)	(0.22)	(0.21)	(0.23)	(0.21)
Education Category
<High School	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
High School or GED	-0.441***	-0.465***	-0.505***	-0.474***	-0.445***	-0.481***	-0.398***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Some College or 2 year degree	-0.522***	-0.563***	-0.584***	-0.585***	-0.558***	-0.576***	-0.543***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Four Year College Degree or More	-0.857***	-0.898***	-0.910***	-0.903***	-0.868***	-0.907***	-0.873***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Missing	-0.257*	-0.319*	-0.334**	-0.335**	-0.283*	-0.326*	-0.247
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Income Category
<$10,000	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
$10,000-$19,999	-0.289***	-0.304***	-0.315***	-0.341***	-0.323***	-0.302***	-0.281***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.04)
20000-29999	-0.437***	-0.457***	-0.484***	-0.472***	-0.450***	-0.467***	-0.386***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
30000-49999	-0.649***	-0.700***	-0.730***	-0.701***	-0.644***	-0.718***	-0.561***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
>50000	-0.772***	-0.826***	-0.887***	-0.793***	-0.718***	-0.858***	-0.611***
	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)
Don't Know	-0.262***	-0.288***	-0.286***	-0.271***	-0.232***	-0.298***	-0.180**
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Missing	-0.486***	-0.518***	-0.560***	-0.531***	-0.492***	-0.556***	-0.390***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Marital Status
Married	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Divorced	-0.0204	-0.00176	-0.0745*	-0.0293	-0.0152	-0.0493	0.00959
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Separated	-0.0975	-0.114	-0.172	-0.149	-0.122	-0.149	-0.0916
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.11)	(0.10)	(0.11)
Widowed	-0.122***	-0.0650*	-0.0753*	-0.105**	-0.159***	-0.0902**	-0.145***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Never Married	-0.339***	-0.287***	-0.353***	-0.335***	-0.344***	-0.341***	-0.316***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Missing	-0.290*	-0.203	-0.281*	-0.323**	-0.360**	-0.269*	-0.327**
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Medical History
Hypertension	0.102***	0.119***	0.112***	0.0846**	-0.00776	0.114***	0.0227
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Angina/Coronary Artery Disease	0.243***	0.252***	0.240***	0.254***	0.182***	0.272***	0.185***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Congestive Heart Failure	0.288***	0.328***	0.376***	0.306***	0.230***	0.338***	0.197***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.04)
Myocardial Infarction Question	0.0983*	0.126**	0.143**	0.0917*	0.0533	0.134**	0.0416
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.04)
Other Heart Conditions Question	0.227***	0.234***	0.249***	0.185***	0.129***	0.238***	0.110***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Stroke	0.281***	0.310***	0.376***	0.260***	0.188***	0.353***	0.117*
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
COPD	0.556***	0.616***	0.649***	0.620***	0.456***	0.656***	0.424***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	0.284***	0.274***	0.271***	0.254***	0.251***	0.267***	0.194***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.04)
Arthritis of Hip/Knee	0.332***	0.339***	0.393***	0.186***	0.0799**	0.344***	0.0636*
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Arthritis of Hand/Wrist	0.267***	0.264***	0.270***	0.219***	0.214***	0.275***	0.155***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)
Osteoporosis	0.201***	0.213***	0.244***	0.191***	0.173***	0.219***	0.141***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Sciatica	0.418***	0.427***	0.435***	0.360***	0.278***	0.423***	0.261***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Diabetes	0.211***	0.224***	0.256***	0.177***	0.143***	0.237***	0.104***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Any Cancer	0.167***	0.177***	0.170***	0.168***	0.130***	0.182***	0.123***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Hypertension_Missing	0.0723	0.116	0.117	0.104	0.105	0.0900	0.0282
	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)
Angina/Coronary Artery Disease_Missing	-0.0257	0.00380	-0.0276	0.0377	0.0969	0.00967	0.0849
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)
Congestive Heart Failure_Missing	0.128	0.0757	0.0651	0.173	0.0784	0.0682	0.127
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.12)
Myocardial Infarction Question_Missing	-0.107	-0.139	-0.0832	-0.141	-0.0945	-0.102	-0.124
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Other Heart Conditions Question_Missing	0.0163	0.00515	0.0355	0.00732	0.0506	-0.00373	0.0721
	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.12)
Stroke_Missing	-0.0651	-0.0371	-0.0155	-0.0125	-0.0801	0.000915	-0.0926
	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.13)
COPD_Missing	0.0924	0.120	0.111	0.0566	0.0354	0.136	-0.00506
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease_Missing	0.426***	0.381***	0.367***	0.399***	0.357**	0.374***	0.355**
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)
Arthritis of Hip/Knee_Missing	0.220	0.181	0.211	0.0793	0.0206	0.212	0.00899
	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)
Arthritis of Hand/Wrist_Missing	0.195	0.240	0.216	0.210	0.213	0.251*	0.177
	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)
Osteoporosis_Missing	0.199	0.232*	0.205	0.152	0.191	0.198	0.190
	(0.11)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.12)
Sciatica_Missing	0.302*	0.259*	0.293*	0.265*	0.277*	0.283*	0.278*
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Diabetes_Missing	0.0459	0.0140	0.0818	0.0818	0.139	0.0409	0.110
	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.17)	(0.16)	(0.17)
Any Cancer_Missing	-0.0762	-0.0841	-0.123	-0.128	-0.142	-0.143	-0.167
	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.15)
Housing Category
Owned or being bought by you	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Owned or being bought by someone in your family	0.0775	0.110*	0.155**	0.111*	0.0718	0.135*	0.0240
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)
Rented for money	0.136***	0.160***	0.192***	0.146***	0.0808*	0.167***	0.0507
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Live without payment of rent	0.214*	0.216*	0.274**	0.209*	0.233*	0.284**	0.168
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.09)
None of the above	0.309***	0.313***	0.345***	0.324***	0.284***	0.303***	0.250***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.06)
Missing	0.240*	0.234*	0.302**	0.217*	0.184	0.265**	0.140
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.09)
BMI Category
Underweight ( < 20)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Normal (20-24)	-0.210***	-0.258***	-0.264***	-0.297***	-0.221***	-0.312***	-0.157**
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Overweight (25-29)	-0.198**	-0.267***	-0.271***	-0.379***	-0.319***	-0.329***	-0.234***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.06)
Obese (30-34)	-0.0438	-0.116	-0.0842	-0.288***	-0.295***	-0.176**	-0.199**
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.06)
Morbid Obesity (>=35)	-0.0230	-0.0841	0.000555	-0.296***	-0.409***	-0.122	-0.300***
	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.07)
Missing	0.0611	0.00821	0.0534	-0.102	-0.0334	-0.0572	0.0130
	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)
Current Smoker	0.445***	0.483***	0.472***	0.488***	0.339***	0.488***	0.322***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Current Smoker_Missing	-0.212	-0.247	-0.248	-0.236	-0.263	-0.222	-0.235
	(0.15)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)
Bone Density Test for Osteoporosis	-0.00609	-0.0320	-0.0484	-0.0267	-0.0236	-0.0410	0.00821
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Bone Density Test for Osteoporosis_Missing	0.184*	0.142	0.180*	0.196*	0.214*	0.196*	0.173*
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.09)	(0.08)
Urine Leakage	0.139***	0.146***	0.193***	0.0551*	0.0306	0.148***	-0.0442
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)
Urine Leakage_Missing	0.314**	0.314**	0.353***	0.320**	0.299**	0.342**	0.252*
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.10)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)
Talked with Doctor About Physical Activities	-0.124***	-0.142***	-0.159***	-0.135***	-0.120***	-0.146***	-0.122***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)
Talked with Doctor About Physical Activities_Missing	0.137	0.133	0.146	0.138	0.167	0.133	0.177
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)
ADL Items
Bathing	6.239***
	(0.06)
Dressing		6.828***
		(0.09)
Eating			6.341***
			(0.12)
Getting In/Out of Chairs				4.929***
				(0.04)
Walking					4.960***
					(0.04)
Using the Toilet						6.715***
						(0.10)
ADL Scale
0							0
							(.)
1							4.355***
							(0.06)
2							7.261***
							(0.08)
3							10.59***
							(0.16)
4							13.88***
							(0.23)
5							16.35***
							(0.25)
6							14.22***
							(0.25)
Benefit Durantion Less than 1 Year	-0.105***	-0.107***	-0.119***	-0.101***	-0.0747**	-0.113***	-0.0817**
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Plan Duration Less than 5 Year	-0.0675	-0.0770*	-0.0825*	-0.0691*	-0.0539	-0.0747*	-0.0456
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Year Trend	-0.0753***	-0.0737***	-0.0772***	-0.0709***	-0.0807***	-0.0732***	-0.0793***
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)

Notes: This is the full results for Panel A of Table 3 with adjustment for covariates listed in Table 1 except baseline PCS, MCS and MUD. *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01

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