The Onset of ADL Difficulties and Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life

Lyu, Wei; Wolinsky, Fredric D.

doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0792-8

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Table 5 Full OLS estimates of ADL measures on MCS

From: The Onset of ADL Difficulties and Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life

	Each ADL						ADL Counts
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
	MCS	MCS	MCS	MCS	MCS	MCS	MCS
N	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282
R-Squared	0.281	0.279	0.269	0.276	0.277	0.273	0.302
MCS_Baseline	0.469***	0.470***	0.473***	0.470***	0.471***	0.473***	0.461***
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Male	0.0491	0.125***	0.0689*	0.0959**	0.0916**	0.0906**	0.143***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Race Category
White	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Black	-0.332***	-0.351***	-0.381***	-0.461***	-0.496***	-0.380***	-0.440***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Other	-0.630***	-0.612***	-0.579***	-0.676***	-0.636***	-0.582***	-0.683***
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.14)
Asian	-1.554***	-1.551***	-1.517***	-1.608***	-1.569***	-1.479***	-1.533***
	(0.25)	(0.26)	(0.26)	(0.25)	(0.26)	(0.25)	(0.26)
Hispanic	-1.336***	-1.271***	-1.319***	-1.311***	-1.362***	-1.323***	-1.222***
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
American Native	-0.747*	-0.745*	-0.782*	-0.761*	-0.715*	-0.827*	-0.655*
	(0.33)	(0.34)	(0.33)	(0.34)	(0.34)	(0.33)	(0.33)
Unknown	-0.0378	-0.0135	-0.0384	-0.136	-0.188	-0.0831	-0.128
	(0.21)	(0.21)	(0.21)	(0.21)	(0.21)	(0.21)	(0.21)
Education Category
<High School	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
High Schoor or GED	0.888***	0.907***	0.941***	0.949***	0.914***	0.936***	0.840***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Some College or 2 year degree	1.127***	1.166***	1.189***	1.206***	1.156***	1.196***	1.090***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Four Year College Degree or More	1.230***	1.274***	1.298***	1.316***	1.238***	1.307***	1.174***
	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.04)
Missing	0.599***	0.632***	0.677***	0.665***	0.608***	0.669***	0.612***
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Income Category
<$10,000	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
$10,000-$19,999	0.453***	0.486***	0.497***	0.511***	0.515***	0.488***	0.415***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
20000-29999	0.799***	0.841***	0.869***	0.863***	0.852***	0.862***	0.733***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
30000-49999	1.121***	1.178***	1.210***	1.181***	1.158***	1.201***	1.025***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
>50000	1.487***	1.543***	1.595***	1.524***	1.490***	1.576***	1.343***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
Don't Know	0.756***	0.787***	0.785***	0.757***	0.755***	0.799***	0.681***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
Missing	1.254***	1.300***	1.330***	1.306***	1.292***	1.335***	1.166***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
Marital Status
Married	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Divorced	0.238***	0.219***	0.280***	0.246***	0.246***	0.261***	0.189***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Separated	-0.0561	-0.0302	0.0317	-0.00125	0.00732	0.00686	-0.0312
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)
Widowed	0.657***	0.591***	0.599***	0.641***	0.698***	0.612***	0.689***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Never Married	0.253***	0.201**	0.260***	0.245***	0.234***	0.250***	0.210**
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
Missing	0.622***	0.558***	0.623***	0.673***	0.675***	0.607***	0.606***
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)
Medical History
Hypertension	-0.0462*	-0.0577*	-0.0595*	-0.0335	0.0355	-0.0587*	-0.00416
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Angina/Coronary Artery Disease	-0.252***	-0.271***	-0.262***	-0.257***	-0.183***	-0.284***	-0.212***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Congestive Heart Failure	-0.458***	-0.521***	-0.587***	-0.517***	-0.395***	-0.543***	-0.326***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
Myocardial Infarction Question	-0.0771	-0.0833	-0.111*	-0.0764	-0.0423	-0.104*	-0.0249
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Other Heart Conditions Question	-0.161***	-0.169***	-0.191***	-0.111***	-0.0870**	-0.175***	-0.0829**
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Stroke	-0.427***	-0.472***	-0.547***	-0.425***	-0.382***	-0.532***	-0.235***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
COPD	-0.309***	-0.382***	-0.431***	-0.395***	-0.241***	-0.437***	-0.243***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	-0.870***	-0.856***	-0.853***	-0.831***	-0.839***	-0.833***	-0.807***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
Arthritis of Hip/Knee	-0.102***	-0.113***	-0.177***	0.0510	0.130***	-0.126***	0.140***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Arthritis of Hand/Wrist	-0.340***	-0.333***	-0.343***	-0.294***	-0.302***	-0.348***	-0.269***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Osteoporosis	-0.273***	-0.294***	-0.319***	-0.266***	-0.256***	-0.297***	-0.231***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Sciatica	-0.432***	-0.437***	-0.462***	-0.384***	-0.311***	-0.441***	-0.318***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Diabetes	-0.313***	-0.332***	-0.362***	-0.287***	-0.256***	-0.346***	-0.225***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Any Cancer	-0.0151	-0.0238	-0.0126	-0.0111	0.0172	-0.0318	0.0268
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Hypertension_Missing	-0.0542	-0.0668	-0.0558	-0.0909	-0.101	-0.0621	-0.0643
	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.15)
Angina/Coronary Artery Disease_Missing	-0.138	-0.184	-0.182	-0.185	-0.180	-0.174	-0.159
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Congestive Heart Failure_Missing	0.110	0.158	0.162	0.0801	0.134	0.146	0.101
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)
Myocardial Infarction Question_Missing	0.0627	0.0874	0.0315	0.0584	0.0456	0.0374	0.115
	(0.16)	(0.17)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)
Other Heart Conditions Question_Missing	-0.369**	-0.350*	-0.412**	-0.352**	-0.362**	-0.349*	-0.357**
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.13)
Stroke_Missing	-0.328	-0.336	-0.326	-0.359*	-0.341	-0.353	-0.307
	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)
COPD_Missing	0.0833	0.0297	0.0664	0.0850	0.105	0.0739	0.0820
	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)	(0.18)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease_Missing	-0.441**	-0.407**	-0.439**	-0.440**	-0.419**	-0.429**	-0.429**
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.14)
Arthritis of Hip/Knee_Missing	-0.349*	-0.322*	-0.350*	-0.260	-0.237	-0.375**	-0.216
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)
Arthritis of Hand/Wrist_Missing	0.00572	-0.0161	-0.0130	0.00754	-0.00123	-0.0300	0.0255
	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.12)
Osteoporosis_Missing	-0.344*	-0.395**	-0.387**	-0.329*	-0.346*	-0.381**	-0.339**
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Sciatica_Missing	-0.176	-0.147	-0.179	-0.151	-0.0944	-0.143	-0.125
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)
Diabetes_Missing	-0.114	-0.0676	-0.143	-0.125	-0.0910	-0.128	-0.110
	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.16)
Any Cancer_Missing	-0.273	-0.263	-0.225	-0.242	-0.246	-0.250	-0.260
	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.17)
Housing Category
Owned or being bought by you	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Owned or being bought by someone in your family	-0.178**	-0.207***	-0.236***	-0.207***	-0.180***	-0.225***	-0.115*
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Rented for money	-0.361***	-0.395***	-0.417***	-0.386***	-0.337***	-0.394***	-0.292***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Live without payment of rent	-0.268**	-0.270*	-0.324**	-0.266*	-0.288**	-0.326**	-0.214*
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)
None of the above	-0.682***	-0.705***	-0.718***	-0.708***	-0.679***	-0.692***	-0.632***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
Missing	-0.201*	-0.206*	-0.247*	-0.202*	-0.174	-0.217*	-0.142
	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)
BMI Category
Underweight ( < 20)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Normal (20-24)	0.223***	0.256***	0.246***	0.324***	0.291***	0.309***	0.208***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Overweight (25-29)	0.421***	0.469***	0.454***	0.605***	0.573***	0.537***	0.459***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Obese (30-34)	0.545***	0.598***	0.546***	0.803***	0.805***	0.659***	0.686***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Morbid Obesity (>=35)	0.724***	0.765***	0.653***	1.045***	1.146***	0.807***	1.015***
	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)
Missing	0.155	0.206	0.140	0.328**	0.319**	0.259*	0.270*
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)
Current Smoker	-0.661***	-0.705***	-0.668***	-0.732***	-0.607***	-0.699***	-0.645***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Current Smoker_Missing	0.0593	0.0597	0.0393	0.0404	0.0419	0.0488	0.0317
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)
Bone Density Test for Osteoporosis	0.193***	0.226***	0.230***	0.224***	0.218***	0.235***	0.186***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Bone Density Test for Osteoporosis_Missing	-0.261**	-0.240*	-0.282**	-0.278**	-0.313**	-0.282**	-0.262**
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.09)
Urine Leakage	-0.589***	-0.594***	-0.636***	-0.509***	-0.513***	-0.592***	-0.460***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Urine Leakage_Missing	-0.513***	-0.497***	-0.518***	-0.490***	-0.472***	-0.517***	-0.423***
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.10)	(0.11)	(0.10)
Talked with Doctor About Physical Activities	0.155***	0.175***	0.194***	0.164***	0.147***	0.181***	0.132***
	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Talked with Doctor About Physical Activities_Missing	0.0273	0.0383	0.0442	0.0251	0.0212	0.0348	0.00178
	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)
ADL Items
Bathing	-7.931***
	(0.09)
Dressing		-8.718***
		(0.10)
Eating			-10.13***
			(0.15)
Getting In/Out of Chairs				-5.340***
				(0.06)
Walking					-4.368***
					(0.05)
Using the Toilet						-8.992***
						(0.11)
ADL Scale
0							0
							(.)
1							-2.293***
							(0.05)
2							-4.278***
							(0.07)
3							-6.707***
							(0.13)
4							-9.397***
							(0.17)
5							-11.80***
							(0.22)
6							-13.36***
							(0.22)
Benefit Duration Less than 1 Year	-0.0816**	-0.0810**	-0.0750**	-0.0930***	-0.107***	-0.0746**	-0.104***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Plan Duration Less than 5 Year	0.00172	0.0116	0.0144	0.00296	-0.00632	0.00208	-0.00469
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Year Trend	0.158***	0.157***	0.161***	0.152***	0.159***	0.156***	0.148***
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Constant	26.71***	26.46***	26.60***	26.66***	26.43***	27.65***
	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.15)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.15)

Notes: This is the full results for Panel B of Table 2 with adjustment for covariates listed in Table 1 except baseline PCS, PUD and MUD. *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01

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