Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Table 6 Detection of uniform and non-uniform differential item functioning for sex in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Depression (HADS-D), based on ordinal regression

From: Is the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) a valid measure in a general population 65–80 years old? A psychometric evaluation study

		Block I			Block II			Block III
Items	Predictors	OR	p-value	R²	OR	p-value	R²	OR	p-value	R²	Model comparisons^a
2	HADS-D	1.83	< 0.001	0.313	1.84	< 0.001	0.313	1.92	< 0.001	0.313	A
	Sex (male)				0.88	< 0.001		0.79	< 0.001		–
	Sex x HADS-D							0.98	< 0.001		–
4	HADS-D	1.95	< 0.001	0.375	1.98	< 0.001	0.385	1.98	< 0.001	0.385	A
	Sex (male)				1.96	< 0.001		0.51	< 0.001		B
	Sex x HADS-D							1.00	< 0.001		–
6	HADS-D	2.10	< 0.001	0.411	2.11	< 0.001	0.411	1.93	< 0.001	0.412	–
	Sex (male)				0.88	< 0.001		1.18	< 0.001		–
	Sex x HADS-D							1.06	< 0.001		–
8	HADS-D	2.04	< 0.001	0.323	2.07	< 0.001	0.333	1.94	< 0.001	0.333	A
	Sex (male)				0.54	< 0.001		0.62	< 0.001		B
	Sex x HADS-D							1.05	< 0.001		–
10	HADS-D	1.73	< 0.001	0.238	1.70	< 0.001	0.248	1.68	< 0.001	0.248	A
	Sex (male)				1.82	< 0.001		1.87	< 0.001		B
	Sex x HADS-D							1.01	< 0.001		–
12	HADS-D	2.44	< 0.001	0.441	2.44	< 0.001	.441	2.32	< 0.001	0.441	–
	Sex (male)				0.85	< 0.001		0.98	< 0.001		–
	Sex x HADS-D							1.03	< 0.001		–
14	HADS-D	1.56	< 0.001	0.216	1.57	< 0.001	0.238	1.55	< 0.001	0.238	A
	Sex (male)				2.52	< 0.001		2.67	< 0.001		B
	Sex x HADS-D							1.01	< 0.001		–

^aModel comparison is based on the χ² difference test between the models, with Bonferroni corrected p-values (p < 0.017). Significant differences are reported as: A = Block I & II, B = Block I & III, C = Block II & III

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