The National Eye Institute 25-Item Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) – reference data from the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS)

Table 5 Linear regression results of the NEI VFQ-25 scores in the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS), 2007–2012

	LFVFS		SFVFS		LFSES		SFSES
	Estimate [CI]	p value	Estimate [CI]	p value	Estimate [CI]	p value	Estimate [CI]	p value
Female sex	−1.57 [−1.99; −1.22]	<0.001	−1.72 [−2.12; −1.32]	<0.001	0.24 [−0.02; 0.49]	0.073	0.20 [0.43; 0.64]	0.025
Age (per 5 years)	−0.42 [−0.5; −0.34]	<0.001	−0.48 [−0.58; −0.38]	<0.001	−0.22 [−0.28; −0.15]	<0.001	−0.31 [−0.38; −0.24]	<0.001
Socio-economic status	0.11 [0.68; 0.15]	<0.001	0.12 [0.08; 0.17]	<0.001	0.08 [0.04; 0.11]	<0.001	0.08 [0.04; 0.11]	<0.001
Distance-corrected visual acuity of better-seeing eye (per 0.1 increase of logMAR)	−2.92 [−3.12; −2.72]	<0.001	−3.08 [−3.30; −2.86]	<0.001	−1.65 [−1.79; −1.50]	<0.001	−1.73 [−1.90; −1.57]	<0.001
Absolute difference in distance-corrected visual acuity of both eyes (per 0.1 increase of logMAR)	−0.87 [−0.96; −0.78]	<0.001	−0.93 [−1.04; −0.83]	<0.001	−0.56 [−0.63; −0.50]	<0.001	−0.59 [−0.67; −0.52]	<0.001
Model fit (R²)	0.16		0.15		0.10		0.09	<0.001

CI 95% confidence interval, LFVFS long-form visual functioning scale, SFVFS short-form visual functioning scale, LFSES long-form socio-emotional scale, SFSES short-form socio-emotional scale

ISSN: 1477-7525