| Quality of Life (QOL) four domains | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical health | Psychological | Social relationships | Environmental | |||||||||||||
Beta coefficient | 95% CI | p value | Beta coefficient | 95% CI | p value | Beta coefficient | 95% CI | p value | Beta coefficient | 95% CI | p value | |||||
PHQ-9 (cut-off score > 10) | −3.27 | −4.77 | −1.77 | <.001 | −0.98 | −1.84 | −0.12 | .026 | −1.71 | −3 | −0.42 | .010 | −2.2 | −3.73 | −0.67 | .005 |
GAD-7 (cut-off score > 10) | −0.84 | −2.54 | 0.86 | .334 | −0.27 | −1.25 | 0.71 | .589 | −1.87 | −3.34 | −0.41 | .013 | −1.62 | −3.36 | 0.11 | .067 |
Age Group | ||||||||||||||||
 21–34 | −0.01 | −2.02 | 1.99 | .990 | 0.85 | −0.31 | 2 | .151 | −0.73 | −2.45 | 1 | .408 | 0.99 | −1.06 | 3.03 | .343 |
 35–49 | −0.39 | −2.21 | 1.43 | .674 | 0.88 | −0.17 | 1.93 | .100 | −0.58 | −2.14 | 0.99 | .471 | 0.8 | −1.06 | 2.66 | .397 |
 50–64 | 0.77 | −0.69 | 2.24 | .300 | 0.49 | −0.36 | 1.33 | .261 | −0.41 | −1.67 | 0.85 | .525 | 1.18 | −0.31 | 2.68 | .121 |
 65+ | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
 Malay | −0.06 | −1.18 | 1.06 | .918 | −0.23 | −0.87 | 0.41 | .484 | 0.54 | −0.42 | 1.51 | .268 | −0.18 | −1.32 | 0.96 | .755 |
 Indian | 0.4 | −0.75 | 1.55 | .496 | 0.36 | −0.3 | 1.03 | .282 | 0.33 | −0.66 | 1.33 | .511 | −0.22 | −1.4 | 0.96 | .709 |
 Others | 0.38 | −3.22 | 3.99 | .835 | 1.56 | −0.51 | 3.64 | .140 | 1.58 | −1.52 | 4.69 | .317 | −0.79 | −4.47 | 2.9 | .674 |
 Chinese | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gender | ||||||||||||||||
 Men | 0.33 | −0.68 | 1.35 | .520 | 0.38 | −0.2 | 0.97 | .197 | −0.11 | −0.98 | 0.77 | .812 | −0.09 | −1.12 | 0.95 | .869 |
 Women | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marital Status | ||||||||||||||||
 Single | 0.04 | −1.38 | 1.47 | .951 | −1.82 | −2.64 | −1 | <.001 | −0.56 | −1.78 | 0.67 | .375 | 0.56 | −0.9 | 2.02 | .449 |
 Widowed | 0.2 | −2.02 | 2.42 | .857 | −1.48 | −2.79 | −0.17 | .027 | 0.86 | −1.06 | 2.77 | .379 | 1.03 | −1.24 | 3.3 | .372 |
 Divorced/Separated | 2.26 | −0.15 | 4.67 | .066 | −1.19 | −2.58 | 0.2 | .093 | −0.05 | −2.13 | 2.03 | .961 | 1.58 | −0.88 | 4.05 | .208 |
 Married | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Education | ||||||||||||||||
 No formal/Primary | −3.01 | −4.75 | −1.26 | .001 | −0.48 | −1.48 | 0.53 | .354 | −3.02 | −4.52 | −1.51 | .000 | −3.39 | −5.17 | −1.6 | <.001 |
 Secondary | −1.59 | −2.95 | −0.23 | .022 | −0.31 | −1.09 | 0.47 | .437 | −1.11 | −2.28 | 0.06 | .062 | −1.96 | −3.35 | −0.57 | .006 |
 Vocational | −2.35 | −4.41 | −0.28 | .026 | −0.36 | −1.55 | 0.83 | .552 | −0.5 | −2.27 | 1.28 | .583 | −1.96 | −4.07 | 0.15 | .069 |
 A level / Pre-university / Diploma | −1.68 | −3.1 | −0.26 | .021 | −0.44 | −1.26 | 0.38 | .292 | −0.54 | −1.76 | 0.69 | .390 | −0.93 | −2.38 | 0.53 | .210 |
 University & Above | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employment Status | ||||||||||||||||
 Students and Homemakers | −0.91 | −2 | 0.19 | .104 | −0.11 | −0.74 | 0.52 | .735 | −0.86 | −1.8 | 0.08 | .073 | 0.56 | −0.55 | 1.68 | .323 |
 Unemployed | −0.49 | −2.17 | 1.19 | .568 | −0.84 | −1.81 | 0.13 | .089 | 0.25 | −1.2 | 1.7 | .733 | −0.3 | −2.02 | 1.41 | .728 |
 Employed | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Relationship of primary caregivers with Ill relative | ||||||||||||||||
 Spouse | −0.39 | −1.73 | 0.95 | .568 | −0.84 | −1.61 | −0.07 | .033 | 0 | −1.16 | 1.15 | .995 | −1.16 | −2.53 | 0.21 | .096 |
 Son/Daughter | −0.64 | −2.33 | 1.05 | .456 | 0.03 | −0.94 | 1 | .951 | −0.15 | −1.6 | 1.3 | .839 | −1.39 | −3.11 | 0.34 | .115 |
 Siblings | −0.38 | −2.33 | 1.56 | .700 | 0.52 | −0.6 | 1.64 | .360 | 0.15 | −1.53 | 1.82 | .863 | −0.61 | −2.6 | 1.38 | .546 |
 Other Relatives | −0.34 | −2.95 | 2.26 | .797 | 0.37 | −1.13 | 1.87 | .629 | 0.2 | −2.04 | 2.45 | .860 | 1.23 | −1.43 | 3.89 | .364 |
 Parent | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Living Arrangement | ||||||||||||||||
 Lives alone | 0.53 | −4.2 | 5.27 | .825 | 0.7 | −2.02 | 3.43 | .613 | 1.01 | −3.07 | 5.09 | .628 | 1.71 | −3.12 | 6.55 | .486 |
 Lives with parents | 1.22 | −0.37 | 2.81 | .133 | −0.01 | −0.93 | 0.9 | .978 | 0.75 | −0.62 | 2.12 | .280 | 0.36 | −1.26 | 1.99 | .659 |
 Lives with other relatives | 0.26 | −2.43 | 2.96 | .847 | −0.98 | −2.53 | 0.57 | .216 | −0.42 | −2.74 | 1.9 | .721 | −1.57 | −4.32 | 1.18 | .263 |
 Lives with children | −1.13 | −2.8 | 0.54 | .183 | −1.3 | −2.26 | −0.34 | .008 | −1.21 | −2.65 | 0.22 | .098 | −2.2 | −3.9 | −0.5 | .012 |
 Others | 1.86 | −0.64 | 4.35 | .144 | −0.47 | −1.91 | 0.96 | .518 | −1.39 | −3.54 | 0.76 | .204 | −0.53 | −3.08 | 2.02 | .683 |
 Lives with Spouse/partner | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diagnosis of Ill relative | ||||||||||||||||
 Early Psychosis | 0.63 | −1.26 | 2.53 | .512 | 0.49 | −0.64 | 1.61 | .394 | 0.71 | −0.92 | 2.35 | .392 | 0.91 | −1.03 | 2.85 | .357 |
 Depressive disorder | −0.28 | −1.28 | 0.72 | .580 | 0.14 | −0.44 | 0.71 | .645 | 0.42 | −0.45 | 1.28 | .344 | 0.16 | −0.86 | 1.18 | .761 |
 Anxiety disorder (OCD & GAD) | −0.52 | −2.13 | 1.1 | .529 | −0.27 | −1.2 | 0.66 | .571 | −0.94 | −2.33 | 0.46 | .187 | −1.08 | −2.73 | 0.58 | .201 |
 Dementia | −1.01 | −3.08 | 1.07 | .340 | 0.09 | −1.11 | 1.28 | .884 | −1.24 | −3.03 | 0.55 | .174 | −1.12 | −3.24 | 1 | .298 |
 Others | 0.84 | −1.74 | 3.43 | .521 | 0.01 | −1.48 | 1.49 | .994 | −1.13 | −3.36 | 1.1 | .318 | −2.4 | −5.04 | 0.25 | .075 |
 Unknown | 0.4 | −1.26 | 2.06 | .635 | −0.11 | −1.06 | 0.85 | .828 | −0.58 | −2.01 | 0.85 | .427 | −0.55 | −2.25 | 1.15 | .522 |
 Chronic Schizophrenia | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FIS scores | −0.32 | −0.47 | −0.18 | <.001 | −0.14 | −0.22 | −0.06 | .001 | −0.37 | −0.49 | −0.25 | <.001 | −0.44 | −0.59 | −0.3 | <.001 |
R-squared Values (R2) | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.3 |