Table 1 Questionnaires used and validated in the BENCH-D study

SF-12 Health Survey - physical component

SF-12 PCS

Physical functioning

SF-12 is a widely used generic health status measure. It includes 12 items which can be aggregated into two summary measures: the Physical (PCS) and Mental (MCS) Component Summary scores. Both scores range from 0 (worst possible health state) to 100 (best possible health state); they are normalized to a general population mean of 50 and an SD of 10.

6

0-100

[14]

WHO-5 well-being index

WHO-5

Psychological well-being

WHO-5 assesses the psychological well-being, a core component of overall quality of life. It is also a valid and reliable risk assessment measure for mild, moderate and severe depression. A score <50 indicates poor psychological well-being, a score <=28 indicates probable depression.

5

0-100

[10, 15]

Problem Areas in Diabetes

PAID-5

Diabetes distress

PAID-5 evaluates diabetes related emotional distress, i.e. specific worries and negative emotions related to diabetes. A score >40 indicates high diabetes-related distress.

5

0-100

[9, 16–20]

Health Care Climate Questionnaire - Short Form

HCC-SF

Person centered communication

HCC-SF evaluates the extent to which clinicians tend to favor the autonomy of the patient or, instead, tend to assume a paternalistic attitude towards the patient. Higher scores correspond to a higher perception by the patient of autonomy support.

6

0-100

[21, 22]

Patients Assessment of Chronic Illness Care - Short Form

PACIC-SF

Quality of chronic illness care and patient support

PACIC provides an assessment of patient perceived access to support from the health care team according to a chronic care health delivery model. The higher the score the more favorable the patient experience.

11

0-100

[23, 24]

Diabetes Empowerment Scale - Short Form

DES-SF

Diabetes Psychosocial Self-Efficacy

DES-SF assesses the patient’s confidence in taking an active role in own management of the condition. The higher the score the higher the patient empowerment

8

0-100

[25, 26]

Diabetes Self-care Activities

SDSCA-6

Self-care activities

SDSCA-6 assesses self-reported health behaviors related to diet, physical activity, self-monitoring of blood glucose, foot care and medication taking. Each item is reported individually.

6

0-7

[27]

Global Satisfaction for Diabetes Treatment

GSDT

Satisfaction with treatment regimen

GSDT assesses overall satisfaction with the medical diabetes treatment, here under the perceived impact of medication on daily life and psychological well being, The higher the score the higher the treatment satisfaction .

7

0-100

[28]

Barriers to Taking Medications

BM

Barriers to taking medication

BM assesses what concrete barriers patients feel they face in daily life to taking their medication as scheduled. The higher the score the higher the perceived barriers.

10

0-100

[29–32]

Perceived social support

PSS

Patient perceived support

PSS assesses satisfaction with social support from various sources for managing diabetes (healthcare system, community, family, peers…). The higher the score the higher the perceived support.

5

0-100

[29–32]