The impact of preterm birth <37 weeks on parents and families: a cross-sectional study in the 2 years after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit

Lakshmanan, Ashwini; Agni, Meghana; Lieu, Tracy; Fleegler, Eric; Kipke, Michele; Friedlich, Philippe S.; McCormick, Marie C.; Belfort, Mandy B.

doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0602-3

Table 1 Pre-disposing characteristics and unadjusted associations with impact on family and impact on parent scores (n = 196)^a

From: The impact of preterm birth <37 weeks on parents and families: a cross-sectional study in the 2 years after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit

		Impact on family^b		Impact on parent^c
		Total score		Emotion score		Time limitations score
	% of sample	Median (IQR)	p-value	Median (IQR)	p-value	Median (IQR)	p-value
Total cohort		23.5 (18–32)		82 (61–93)		90 (71–100)
Characteristic
Time from discharge (months)
< 6	31	27 (21–35.5)	<0.04	78 (57–93)	<0.04	76 (67–95)	<0.04
≥ 6 to < 12	30	20.5 (17–30)		86 (64–96)		90 (81–100)
≥ 12 to < 18	24	22 (18–31)		86 (61–93)		90 (71–100)
≥ 18	15	23 (16–31)		82 (64–96)		90 (67–100)
Socio-demographics
Person completing survey
Mother	77	23 (17–30)	0.07	85 (68–96)	<0.01	90 (74–100)	<0.01
Father	23	27.5 (20–36)		69.5 (53–86)		86 (52–90)
Race/ethnicity
White non-Hispanic	67	24.5 (18–33)	0.2	82 (61–93)	0.6	90 (71–100)	0.1
Hispanic	7	20 (17–23.5)		89 (85.5-93)		100 (88–100)
Black non-Hispanic	11	26 (18–41)		81 (61–100)		78 (57–100)
Other	15	22 (17–36)		88 (71–98)		87 (70–94)
Income ($/Year)
< 40,000	24	24 (19–38)	0.6	86 (69–93)	0.4	90 (71–100)	0.4
≥ 40,000 to <80,000	15	23.5 (17.5-35)		78 (66–96)		90 (52–100)
≥ 80,000	52	23 (17–30)		82 (61–93)		90 (76–95)
Missing	9
Highest level of education (either parent)
≤ High school	32	26 (19–39)	0.2	83.5 (61–93)	0.9	90 (62–100)	0.4
At least some college	68	23 (18–30)		82 (64–93)		90 (76–100)
Language
Non-English	6	26.5 (20–34)	0.5	85.5 (57–89)	0.9	85 (57–100)	0.8
English	94	24 (18–32)		82 (64–93)		90 (71–100)
Infant characteristics
Birthweight (grams)
< 500 to < 1000	53	25 (18–33)	0.06	75 (61–82)	0.2	100 (95–100)	0.2
≥ 1000 to < 1500	24	24 (17–30)		86 (69–96)		84 (62–100)
≥ 1500 to < 2500	17	18.5 (15–23.5)		86 (76–93)		90 (86–100)
≥ 2500	6	27 (20–36)		61 (18–90)		77 (33–100)
Gestational age (weeks)
< 24 to < 28	41	26 (18–33)	0.07	82 (66–93)	0.2	88 (67–100)	0.8
≥ 28 to < 32	37	21 (17–28)		85 (66–96)		90 (71–100)
≥ 32 to < 34	9	26 (18–30)		81 (49–91)		81 (69–95)
≥ 34 to < 37	13	29 (20–41)		71 (35–93)		81 (57–100)
Multiple Birth
Yes	15	25 (17–37)	0.44	77 (34–91)	0.7	81 (70–96)	0.7
No	85	23 (18–33)		81 (60–92)		89 (70–99)
Neonatal co-morbidities ^d
Yes	59	24 (18–33)	0.5	82 (64–95)	0.6	90 (71–100)	0.7
No	41	23 (17.5-30)		82 (61–93)		90 (67–100)
Motor Social Development Score
< 85	27	29 (20–36)	0.02	66 (48–91)	0.004	88 (59–98)	0.2
≥ 85	73	23 (17–30)		85 (69–93)		90 (71–100)
≥2 clinic appointments/month
Yes	74	26 (18–35)	0.0002	79 (57–93)	0.002	90 (67–100)	0.07
No	26	19 (17–24)		89 (75–96)		90 (81–100)
At least 1 re-admission to the hospital after discharge
Yes	36	31 (20–41)	<0.001	71 (53–89)	0.002	81 (57–95)	0.004
No	64	21 (17–27)		86 (69–96)		90 (76–100)
At least 1 visit to the emergency department after discharge
Yes	35	26 (18.5-35)	0.1	75 (61–86)	0.004	79 (61.5-96)	0.002
No	65	23 (17–30)		86 (64–96)		90 (76–100)
Use of medical technology ^e
Yes	14	40 (29–46)	<0.01	69.5 (53–82)	<0.01	73.5 (52–90)	<0.01
No	86	22 (17–30)		85.5 (66–95)		90 (74–100)
Receives at least 1 prescription medication daily
Yes	65	27 (20–35)	<0.0001	75 (57–89)	<0.0001	86 (67–95)	0.003
No	35	19 (17–23)		93 (78–100)		94 (81–100)

^a P-values derived using Wilcoxon Rank Sum (for 2 sample comparisons) or Kruskal Wallis (for 3 sample comparisons) or Kruskal Wallis H (>3 sample comparison) tests
^bDerived from Impact on Family Scale (Stein, et al. [27]). Higher score indicates higher impact. Impact on Family Scale (range of possible scores, 0 to 56)
^cDerived from Infant Toddler Quality of Life (ITQOL) questionnaire (Landgraf et al. [30]). Higher score indicates lower impact. ITQOL scale (range of possible scores, 0 to 100)
^dNeonatal co-morbidities include a diagnosis of: fetal growth restriction, surfactant deficiency, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 or 4, patent ductus arteriosus, retinopathy of prematurity
^eMedical technology includes use of: home oxygen, tracheostomy, gastrostomy tube, adaptive wheelchair/stroller

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