Table 4 Discriminant validity of the Malay PIDAQ with self-rated (MI-S) and interviewer-rated (MI-D) malocclusions

Age group

Quartile (Self-perceived malocclusion level)

Lower (Slight)

Upper (Severe)

Effect size

p value

Lower (Slight)

Upper (Severe)

Effect size

p value

Lower (Slight)

Upper (Severe)

Effect size

p value

n

81

77

66

63

147

147

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Dental Self-Confidence

22.65 (4.88)

13.97 (4.48)

1.86

0.00*

23.92 (4.54)

15.17 (4.32)

1.99

0.00*

23.22 (4.76)

14.65 (4.50)

1.86

0.00*

Social Impact

15.84 (6.64)

24.51 (7.45)

−1.24

0.00*

13.83 (4.93)

24.41 (7.13)

−1.88

0.00*

14.94 (6.00)

24.35 (7.32)

−1.44

0.00*

Psychological Impact

14.32 (4.47)

21.00 (4.86)

−1.41

0.00*

13.50 (4.44)

21.92 (4.98)

−1.80

0.00*

13.95 (4.57)

21.29 (4.92)

−1.55

0.00*

Aesthetic Concern

3.35 (1.51)

6.09 (2.08)

−1.61

0.00*

3.35 (1.28)

6.25 (1.93)

−1.94

0.00*

3.35 (1.41)

6.10 (1.99)

−1.69

0.00*

Age group

Quartile (Investigator-rated malocclusion level)

Lower (Slight)

Upper (Severe)

Effect size

p value

Lower (Slight)

Upper (Severe)

Effect size

p value

Lower (Slight)

Upper (Severe)

Effect size

p value

n

75

81

63

67

147

148

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Dental Self-Confidence

25.65 (5.14)

16.72 (5.23)

0.96

0.00*

21.56 (5.49)

17.10 (5.86)

0.79

0.00*

21.71 (5.04)

16.89 (5.51)

0.92

0.00*

Social Impact

17.19 (6.65)

20.72 (7.27)

−0.51

0.00*

16.48 (6.36)

22.60 (7.96)

−0.87

0.00*

16.63 (6.32)

21.57 (7.62)

−0.72

0.00*

Psychological Impact

15.92 (4.76)

18.33 (4.91)

−0.50

0.00*

15.02 (4.98)

19.54 (6.03)

−0.83

0.00*

15.43 (4.64)

18.88 (5.46)

−0.69

0.00*

Aesthetic Concern

3.72 (1.66)

5.19 (1.92)

−0.82

0.00*

4.11 (1.64)

5.52 (2.08)

−0.77

0.00*

3.84 (1.59)

5.34 (2.00)

−0.85

0.00*