Table 3 Adjusted changes in Health-Related Quality of Life according to smoking status

 Physical functioning

10.72 ± 15.62

15.62 ± 17.71

16.29 ± 16.74

0.003

0.002

0.005

0.703

 Role physical

13.35 ± 50.05

24.66 ± 47.76

26.44 ± 43.18

0.020

0.011

0.019

0.719

 Bodily pain

18.78 ± 24.92

24.19 ± 28.63

19.15 ± 27.60

0.053

0.035

0.910

0.078

 General health

−4.86 ± 17.58

0.70 ± 14.57

2.49 ± 15.17

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.268

 PCS

9.50 ± 20.48

16.29 ± 19.91

16.09 ± 18.03

0.001

<0.001

0.004

0.922

 Vitality

5.33 ± 16.09

9.68 ± 16.06

12.24 ± 14.92

0.001

0.003

<0.001

0.121

 Social functioning

5.81 ± 21.19

10.92 ± 20.64

12.25 ± 24.70

0.015

0.011

0.554

0.554

 Role emotional

8.31 ± 52.53

20.29 ± 50.33

19.72 ± 48.02

0.031

0.011

0.054

0.914

 Mental health

7.28 ± 12.06

11.72 ± 15.34

9.72 ± 13.34

0.003

0.001

0.142

0.175

 MCS

6.43 ± 20.00

13.15 ± 19.41

13.23 ± 17.94

<0.001

<0.001

0.003

0.968

 Physical functioning

11.87 ± 15.87

17.46 ± 18.25

15.84 ± 17.37

0.003

0.001

0.053

0.183

 Role physical

14.99 ± 50.07

27.38 ± 42.64

24.35 ± 43.83

0.013

0.003

0.076

0.517

 Bodily pain

19.60 ± 27.07

22.54 ± 26.55

20.23 ± 25.66

0.433

0.235

0.840

0.402

 General health

−2.34 ± 17.09

0.81 ± 15.94

2.97 ± 16.26

0.017

0.039

0.006

0.203

 PCS

11.03 ± 20.51

17.05 ± 18.20

15.85 ± 18.38

0.003

0.001

0.030

0.539

 Vitality

10.14 ± 16.91

14.72 ± 16.51

13.31 ± 16.97

0.013

0.003

0.106

0.414

 Social functioning

12.87 ± 21.62

14.30 ± 20.03

14.29 ± 25.53

0.760

0.477

0.577

0.994

 Role emotional

11.86 ± 49.76

22.84 ± 50.93

12.98 ± 43.56

0.026

0.017

0.846

0.054

 Mental health

10.79 ± 14.19

13.59 ± 16.15

10.49 ± 14.32

0.053

0.050

0.868

0.052

 MCS

11.41 ± 20.88

16.36 ± 18.66

12.76 ± 17.77

0.013

0.006

0.546

0.070