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Table 3 Estimated associations of K6 score changes based on caregiving duration (using sample subset 2)a

From: How do social activities mitigate informal caregivers’ psychological distress? Evidence from a nine-year panel survey in Japan

Dependent variable: change in K6 score from pre-caregiving commencement

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

β

(SE)

β

(SE)

β

(SE)

Women (N. of observations (individuals) = 4637 (1.922))

Duration years from caregiving commencement (A)

0.11**

(0.04)

0.23***

(0.05)

0.19***

(0.05)

  × Participated in social activities (B)

  

−0.15***

(0.04)

  

  [− (B)/(A) %]

  

[65.6***

(13.7]]

  

  × Participated in social activities prior to caregiving commencement (C)

    

−0.11*

(0.04)

  [− (C)/(A) %]

    

[56.8 **

(18.2)]

K6 score at caregiving commencement

−0.32***

(0.01)

−0.33***

(0.01)

−0.33***

(0.01)

Men (N. of observations (individuals) = 2700 (1242))

Duration years from caregiving commencement (A)

0.05

(0.05)

0.20**

(0.06)

0.19**

(0.07)

  × Participated in social activities (B)

  

−0.18***

(0.05)

  

  [− (B)/(A) %]

  

[89.6***

(23.9)]

  

  × Participated in social activities prior to caregiving commencement (C)

    

−0.18**

(0.06)

  [− (C)/(A) %]

    

[95.3***

(27.4)]

K6 score at caregiving commencement

−0.34***

(0.02)

−0.34***

(0.02)

−0.34***

(0.02)

  1. aControlled for age at the first wave (2005), educational attainment, marital status, household spending (adjusted for household size), employed, number of care recipients, hours of care, residing with a care recipient, and waves. The full results are available upon request
  2. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05