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Table 2 Estimated associations in K6 score changes based on caregiving commencement (using sample subset 1)a

From: How do social activities mitigate informal caregivers’ psychological distress? Evidence from a nine-year panel survey in Japan

Dependent variable: change in K6 score from pre-caregiving commencement

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

β

(SE)

β

(SE)

β

(SE)

Women (N. of observations [individuals] = 69,885 [14,356])

Caregiving commencement (A)

0.32***

(0.09)

0.75***

(0.14)

0.56***

(0.13)

  × Participated in social activities (B)

  

−0.50***

(0.12)

  

  [− (B)/(A) %]

  

[66.2***

(10.4)]

  

  × Participated in social activities prior to caregiving commencement (C)

    

−0.30**

(0.12)

  [− (C)/(A) %]

    

[53.7***

(14.6]

K6 score one year before caregiving commencement

−0.64***

(0.01)

−0.64***

(0.01)

−0.64***

(0.01)

Men (N. of observations [individuals] = 70,516 [13,817])

Caregiving commencement (A)

0.41***

(0.10)

0.80***

(0.15)

0.69**

(0.14)

  × Participated in social activities (B)

  

−0.47***

(0.13)

  

  [− (B)/(A) %]

  

[58.2***

(11.1)]

  

  × Participated in social activities prior to caregiving commencement (C) –0.35

    

−0.35**

(0.13)

  [− (C)/(A) %]

    

[50.3***

(13.0)]

K6 score one year before caregiving commencement

−0.70***

(0.01)

−0.70***

(0.01)

−0.70***

(0.01)

  1. aControlled for age at the first wave (2005), educational attainment, marital status, household spending (adjusted for household size), employed, number of care recipients, hours of care, residing with a care recipient, and waves. The full results are available upon request
  2. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05