Table 2 Results of the GEE analyzing the effects of offspring support
Variables | Quality of life | ||
|---|---|---|---|
β | S.E | p-value | |
Relationship satisfaction with offspring | |||
Highly satisfied | Ref. | - | - |
Slightly satisfied | -7.26 | 0.44 | <.0001 |
Slightly unsatisfied | -12.15 | 0.52 | <.0001 |
Highly unsatisfied | -21.93 | 0.55 | <.0001 |
Regular financial aid from offspring | |||
Yes | Ref. | - | - |
No | -0.92 | 0.38 | 0.0171 |
Sex | |||
Male | Ref. | - | - |
Female | -0.77 | 0.53 | 0.1426 |
Age | |||
65-69 | Ref. | - | - |
70-79 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.3426 |
≥ 80 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.2842 |
Education level | |||
More than high school | Ref. | - | - |
Less than middle school | -0.67 | 0.65 | 0.3022 |
Uneducated | -3.46 | 0.71 | <.0001 |
Marital status | |||
Married | Ref. | - | - |
Single | -1.34 | 0.53 | 0.0112 |
Household income | |||
Q4 (High) | Ref. | - | - |
Q3 | -1.91 | 0.47 | <.0001 |
Q2 | -4.06 | 0.52 | <.0001 |
Q1 (Low) | -3.61 | 0.56 | <.0001 |
Wealth | |||
Q4 (High) | Ref. | - | - |
Q3 | -2.05 | 0.45 | <.0001 |
Q2 | -5.11 | 0.48 | <.0001 |
Q1 (Low) | -9.20 | 0.54 | <.0001 |
Employment status | |||
Employed | Ref. | - | - |
Unemployed | -0.51 | 0.45 | 0.2570 |
Living with offspring | |||
Yes | Ref. | - | - |
No | 1.46 | 0.43 | 0.0007 |
Smoking | |||
No | Ref. | - | - |
Yes | -1.21 | 0.55 | 0.0284 |
Alcohol intake | |||
No | Ref. | - | - |
Yes | 0.24 | 0.46 | 0.5991 |
Perceived health status | |||
Healthy | Ref. | - | - |
Unhealthy | -5.78 | 0.41 | <.0001 |
Limits on activities of daily living | |||
No | Ref. | - | - |
Yes | -2.49 | 0.39 | <.0001 |
Depressive symptoms | |||
No | Ref. | - | - |
Yes | -3.81 | 0.36 | <.0001 |
Frequency of contact with a neighbor | |||
None | Ref. | - | - |
Meet once a month or less | -2.02 | 0.62 | 0.0011 |
Meet once a month or more | -0.16 | 0.44 | 0.7162 |
Number of chronic disease | |||
None | Ref. | - | - |
1 | -0.56 | 0.41 | 0.1664 |
2+ | -2.21 | 0.66 | 0.0008 |
Survey year | |||
2006 | Ref. | - | - |
2008 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.2048 |
2010 | 2.49 | 0.61 | <.0001 |
2012 | 1.35 | 0.63 | 0.0341 |