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Table 6 Results of the bivariate and multivariate associations between psychological factors and QoL in patients with ALS

From: Associations between psychological factors and health-related quality of life and global quality of life in patients with ALS: a systematic review

 

Psychological Factor

Measure Psychological factor

 

Measure QoL

Time-points of assessment/F.U./trajectory

Bivariate

Association

r

Multivariate

Association

β/R2

Ref.

Quality

Score

(max. 8)

MOOD

Anxiety

        

Anxiety

HAM-A

HRQoL

SF-36 total

 

ns/nr

 

[40]

6.5

HAM-A

SF-36 PCS

 

ns/nr

 

HAM-A

SF-36 MCS

 

ns/nr

 

HADS-a1

WHOQoL-BREF total

 

−0.53**

 

[37]

7.0

Anxiety - Tension

POMS

WHOQoL-BREF total

 

nr

β = −0.47*

[19]

5.5

Anxiety

HADS-a

Global QoL

SEIQoL index score

 

ns/nr

 

[15]

5.0

HADS-a

SEIQoL-DW index score

 

ns/nr

 

[38]

3.0

State anxiety

STAIsO

MQOL total

 

nr

s**/nr

[41]

5.5

STAIs

MQOL total

<1 mo after D.

nr

s**/nr

STAIs

MQOL total

>1 mo after D.

nr

s*/nr

Trait anxiety

STAIt

MQOL total

<1 mo after D.

nr

s**/nr

STAIt

MQOL total

>1 mo after D.

nr

s* /nr

Depression

        

Depression—Dejection

POMS

HRQoL

WHOQoL-BREF total

 

nr

β = −0.24*

[19]

5.5

Depression

HADS-d1

WHOQoL-BREF total

 

−0.60**

β = −0.41*

[37]

7.0

 

HAM-D

SF-36 total

 

ns/nr

 

[40]

6.5

 

HAM-D

SF-36 PCS

 

ns/nr

 
 

HAM-D

SF-36 MCS

 

ns/nr

 
 

ZDS

SF-36 total

 

−0.617**

 

[42]

4.5

 

ZDS

QL-Index

 

s* /nr

β = −0.08*

[43]

8.0

 

BDI

EQ-5D index score

 

−0.430**

 

[10]

4.0

 

BDIA

SF-36 MCS

 

nr

β = −0.391**

[44]

5.0

BDIA

SF-36 PCS

ns/nr

 
 

BDIA

EQ-5D index score

 

nr

β = −0.272

 

BDIA

EQ VAS

 

nr

β = −0.381*

 

BDI

HRCS

1 mo F.U.

nr

s / nr

[27]

4.0

 

BDI

HRCS

12 mo F.U.

nr

s**/nr

Depression x time

BDI

HRCS

over 12 mo

nr

ns

Depression

ADI-12

Global QoL

SEIQoL index score

 

−0.36*

 

[28]

4.5

DSM-IV

Single-item-question3

 

ns/nr

ns / nr

[45]

5.5

ZDS

SEIQoL-DW index score

 

nr

s*/nr

[13]

5.5

ZDS

MQOL Single Item Score

 

nr

s*/nr

ZDS

SEIQoL index score

 

−0.205

 

[42]

4.5

ZDSo

MQOL total

 

nr

s**/nr

[41]

5.5

HADS-d

SEIQoL index score

 

ns/nr

 

[15]

5.0

HADS-d2

SEIQoL-DW index score

 

ns/nr

 

[38]

3.0

BDI

Single-item-question4

1 mo F.U.

nr

s*/nr

[27]

4.0

BDI

Single-item-question4

12 mo F.U.

nr

s*/nr

Depression x time

BDI

Single item question4

over 12 mo

nr

ns

Confusion - Bewilderment

POMS

Global QoL

WHOQoL-BREF total

 

nr

β = 0.33*

[19]

5.5

BELIEFS

Religiosity

        

Religiosity

IIR-tot

HRQoL

SIP/ALS-19 total

 

0.169

 

[14]

4.5

 

IIR-tot

SIP/ALS-19 total

3 mo F.U.

nr

ns / nr

[31]

6.0

 

IIR-tot

SIP/ALS-19 total

6 mo F.U.

nr

s***/nr

Religion - coping

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

−0.26P

−0.01M

 

[46]

4.0

Religiosity

IIR-tot

Global QoL

MQOL total

 

0.15

 

[16]

5.0

 

IIR-tot

MQOL total

3–4 mo F.U.

0.28

 
 

IIR-tot

MQOL total

6–8 mo F.U.

0.37**

 

IIR-tot

MQOL total

9–12 mo F.U.

0.33*

 

IIR-tot

MQOL total

12–16 mo F.U.

0.46**

 

IIR-tot

MQOL total

3 mo F.U.

nr

ns / nr

[31]

6.0

IIR-tot

MQOL total

6 mo F.U.

nr

ns / nr

 

IIR-tot

MQOL total

 

0.221

 

[14]

4.5

 

IIR-tot

MQOL Single Item Score

 

0.331**

 

Religiosity Private

IIR-Pr

MQOL total

 

0.13

β = 0.05; R2 = 0%

[16]

5.0

IIR-Pr

MQOL total

3–4 mo F.U.

0.42**

β = 0.31**

 

IIR-Pr

MQOL total

6–8 mo F.U.

0.49**

β = 0.35**

 

IIR-Pr

MQOL total

9–12 mo F.U.

0.34*

β = 0.21

 

IIR-Pr

MQOL total

12–16 mo F.U.

0.50**

β = 0.41***; R2 = 16 %***

 

IIR-Pr

 

SEIQoL-DW index score

 

s*/nr

 

[13]

5.5

Spirituality

      

[16]

5.0

Existential well-being

SWBS6 - EWB

HRQoL

SIP total

 

ns/nr

 

[47]

3.5

Religious well-being

SWBS6 - RWB

SIP total

 

−0.996**

 

Spiritual well-being

SWBS5 total

Global QoL

MQOL total

 

0.08

 

[16]

5.0

 

SWBS5 total

MQOL total

3–4 mo F.U.

0.08

 
 

SWBS5 total

MQOL total

6–8 mo F.U.

0.17

 
 

SWBS5 total

MQOL total

9–12 mo F.U.

−0.12

 
 

SWBS5 total

MQOL total

12–16 mo F.U.

0.54**

 

Mindfulness

        

Mindfulness

LMS

Global QoL

MQOL Single Item Score

 

nr

β = 0.06***

[29]

6.5

Mindfulness x time

LMS

MQOL Single Item Score

over 4 mo

nr

β = 0.009

Coping

        

Positive coping strategies

MNDCS1

HRQoL

WHOQoL-BREF total

 

0.46**

β = 0.35***

[37]

7.0

Distraction

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

0.08P

−0.11M

 

[46]

4.0

Active coping

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

−0.16P

0.11M

 

Denial

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

−0.15P

0.23M

 

Emotional support

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

0.38P*

0.10M

 

Instrumental support

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

−0.31P

−0.02M

 

Disengagement

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

0.16P

0.33M

 

Venting

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

−0.10P

−0.38*M

 

Positive reframing

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

−0.22P

0.32M

 

Planning

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

−0.23P

0.11M

 

Acceptance

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

−0.18P

0.23M

 

Humor

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

−0.15P

0.25M

 

Self-blame

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

0.11P

−0.24M

 

Substance use

Brief COPE

SF-36 PCS/SF-36 MCS

 

0.26P

−0.44*M

 

Problem management

MNDCS2

Global QoL

SEIQoL index score

  

β = 0.44**

[36]

6.0

Problem management

MNDCS2

 

SEIQoL index score

3-6 mo F.U.

nr

β = 0.42**

[30]

6.0

Problem appraisal

MNDCS2

 

SEIQoL index score

 

nr

β = 0.15

[36]

6.0

Emotion management

MNDCS2

 

SEIQoL index score

 

nr

β = −0.26

Emotional avoidance

MNDCS2

 

SEIQoL index score

 

nr

β = 0.39*

Emotional avoidance

MNDCS2

 

SEIQoL index score

3–6 mo F.U.

nr

β = 0.28

[30]

6.0

Hopelessness

BHS

Global QoL

Single-item-question3

 

0.43***

s**/nr

[45]

5.5

Perception of burden to others

ZBI - revised

Global QoL

Single-item-question3

 

0.45***

s*/nr

[45]

5.5

Cognitive appraisal

        

Appraisal total

Appraisal scale

Global QoL

SEIQoL index score

 

nr

R 2 = 2 %

[36]

6.0

Primary appraisal

Appraisal scale

SEIQoL index score

 

nr

β = −0.004

Appraisal of coping potential

Appraisal scale

SEIQoL index score

 

nr

β = 0.15

PERSONALITY

Agreeableness

NEO-FFI

Global QoL

Single-item-question4

 

nr

β = 1.88*

[27]

4.0

Agreeableness

NEO-FFI

HRQoL

HRCS

 

nr

β = 0.69*

Agreeableness x time

NEO-FFI

Global QoL

Single-item-question4

over 12 mo

nr

β = −0.28*

Agreeableness x time

NEO-FFI

HRQoL

HRCS

over 12 mo

nr

β = −0.09*

Neuroticism

NEO-FFI

Global QoL

Single-item-question4

 

nr

ns/nr

Extraversion

NEO-FFI

Single-item-question4

 

nr

ns/nr

Openness

NEO-FFI

Single-item-question4

 

nr

ns/nr

Conscientiousness

NEO-FFI

Single-item-question4

 

nr

ns/nr

  1. Note. Significance levels: *p < 0.1; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
  2. Abbreviations: ns not significant, nr not reported, r correlation, β standardized regression coefficient, R 2 explained variance of the determinant, D diagnosis, A obtained from the author, F.U. follow-up, 1 modified version 1, 2 modified version 2, 3 self-developed single-item-question by Ganzini, 4 self-developed single-item-question by Krampe, 5 SWBS developed by Reed [51], 6 SWBS developed by Ellison [52], HRCS health-related QoL composite score, PCS physical component summary (P), MCS mental component summary (M), T0 data from baseline measurement, O overall (both < 1 month after diagnosis and > 1 month after diagnosis); Abbreviations of measurements: see Tables 2, 3 and 4