Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics and residential segregation by ethnic group

N

1,588

449

664

919

840

823

402

826

Age (Mean, SD)

71.9 (8.7)

70.3 (7.8)

70.3 (8.2)

70.6 (7.9)

72.1 (8.7)

71.2 (8.6)

74.7 (8.9)

70.7 (8.6)

Age group

 60 ~ 69

681 (42.9)

225 (50.1)

328 (49.4)

449 (48.9)

335 (39.9)

365 (44.3)

116 (28.9)

401 (48.5)

 70 ~ 79

556 (35.0)

160 (35.6)

224 (33.7)

315 (34.3)

311 (37.0)

283 (34.4)

160 (39.8)

283 (34.3)

 80 ~ 89

308 (19.4)

60 (13.4)

104 (15.7)

141 (15.3)

170 (20.2)

155 (18.8)

106 (26.4)

120 (14.5)

  ≥ 90

43 (2.7)

4 (0.9)

8 (1.2)

14 (1.5)

24 (2.9)

20 (2.4)

20 (5.0)

22 (2.7)

Gender

 Male

750 (47.2)

217 (48.3)

325 (48.9)

457 (49.7)

383 (45.6)

366 (44.5)

179 (44.5)

404 (48.9)

 Female

838 (52.8)

232 (51.7)

339 (51.1)

462 (50.3)

457 (54.4)

457 (55.5)

223 (55.5)

422 (51.1)

Marital status

 Single

6 (0.4)

6 (1.3)

10 (1.5)

22 (2.4)

23 (2.7)

25 (3.0)

4 (1.0)

18 (2.2)

 Married

1,227 (77.3)

323 (71.9)

464 (69.9)

646 (70.3)

574 (68.3)

568 (69.0)

328 (81.6)

544 (65.9)

 Divorced or widowed

355 (22.4)

120 (26.7)

190 (28.6)

251 (27.3)

243 (28.9)

230 (27.9)

70 (17.4)

264 (32.0)

Educational attainment

 Illiterate

374 (23.6)

277 (61.7)

437 (65.8)

403 (43.9)

428 (51.0)

311 (37.8)

203 (50.5)

473 (57.3)

 Primary school

989 (62.3)

131 (29.2)

170 (25.6)

357 (38.8)

319 (38.0)

385 (46.8)

162 (40.3)

264 (32.0)

 Junior high school

225 (14.2)

41 (9.1)

57 (8.6)

159 (17.3)

93 (11.1)

127 (15.4)

37 (9.2)

89 (10.8)

Annual income (CNY)

  ≥ 10,000

27 (1.7)

14 (3.1)

8 (1.2)

28 (3.0)

35 (4.2)

9 (1.1)

161 (40.0)

10 (1.2)

 5,000 ~ 9,999

176 (11.1)

14 (3.1)

22 (3.3)

62 (6.7)

123 (14.6)

97 (11.8)

188 (46.8)

21 (2.5)

 3,000 ~ 4,999

638 (40.2)

132 (29.4)

145 (21.8)

185 (20.1)

321 (38.2)

348 (42.3)

41 (10.2)

238 (28.8)

 1,001 ~ 2,999

605 (38.1)

214 (47.7)

387 (58.3)

466 (50.7)

266 (31.7)

318 (38.6)

10 (2.9)

456 (55.2)

  ≤ 1,000

142 (8.9)

75 (16.7)

102 (15.4)

178 (19.4)

95 (11.3)

51 (6.2)

2 (0.1)

101 (12.2)

Empty-nested family

 Yes

724 (45.6)

114 (25.4)

83 (12.5)

133 (14.5)

176 (21)

142 (17.3)

75 (18.7)

338 (40.9)

 No

864 (54.4)

335 (74.6)

581 (87.5)

786 (85.5)

664 (79)

681 (82.7)

327 (81.3)

488 (59.1)

Health insurance

 Yes

1,588 (100)

442 (98.4)

656 (98.8)

887 (96.5)

833 (99.2)

823 (100)

402 (100)

801 (97.0)

 No

0 (0.0)

7 (1.6)

8 (1.2)

32 (3.5)

7 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

25 (3.0)

Type of housing

 Brick

1,190 (74.9)

154 (34.3)

58 (8.7)

158 (17.2)

376 (44.8)

659 (80.1)

363 (90.3)

319 (38.6)

 Earthen

376 (23.7)

182 (40.5)

18 (2.7)

110 (12.0)

358 (42.6)

137 (16.6)

39 (9.7)

353 (42.7)

 Wooden

22 (1.4)

113 (25.2)

588 (88.6)

651 (70.8)

106 (12.6)

27 (3.3)

0 (0.0)

154 (18.6)

Monoculture

 Yes

1,575 (99.2)

307 (68.4)

487 (73.3)

769 (83.7)

809 (96.3)

823 (100)

402 (100)

740 (89.6)

 No

13 (0.8)

142 (31.6)

177 (26.7)

150 (16.3)

31 (3.7)

0 (0)

0 (0.0)

86 (10.4)

Distance to county seat (km)

  ≤ 20

927 (58.4)

16 (3.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

554 (66.0)

0 (0.0)

131 (32.6)

43 (5.2)

 21 ~ 39

642 (40.4)

64 (14.3)

153 (23.0)

219 (23.8)

253 (30.1)

1 (0.1)

270 (67.2)

11 (1.3)

  ≥ 40

19 (1.2)

369 (82.2)

511 (77.0)

700 (76.2)

33 (3.9)

822 (99.9)

1 (0.2)

772 (93.5)

Geography

 Flatland

1,253 (78.9)

108 (24.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

169 (20.1)

1 (0.1)

402 (100)

6 (0.7)

 Hilly

234 (14.7)

66 (14.7)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

535 (63.7)

311 (37.8)

0 (0.0)

158 (19.1)

 Mountainous

101 (6.4)

275 (61.2)

664 (100)

918 (100)

136 (16.2)

511 (62.1)

0 (0.0)

662 (80.1)