Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics of the study groups
Characteristics | No DR (n = 148) | DR (n = 146) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 57.9 (10.3) | 60.5 (8.8) | 0.021 |
Sex, men, n (%) | 77 (52 %) | 73 (50 %) | 0.816 |
Ethnicity, non caucasian, n (%) | 5 (3.4 %) | 6 (4.1 %) | 0.769 |
HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 7.3 (1.2) | 8.3 (1.4) | <0.001 |
Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 7.1 (5.5) | 14.1 (9.9) | <0.001 |
Waist (cms), mean (SD) | 104.2 (11.9) | 107.8 (11.9) | 0.010 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 134.3 (15.5) | 145 (19.9) | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg),mean (SD) | 76.5 (10.5) | 77.1 (11.1) | 0.628 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 185.7 (36.6) | 184.8 (36.1) | 0.822 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 48.5 (10.7) | 52.1 (15) | 0.021 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 111 (30.7) | 106.9 (30.1) | 0.182 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 138.6 (81.8) | 140.5 (120) | 0.879 |
Diabetes treatment | <0.001 | ||
Oral agents | 95 (64.2 %) | 64 (43.8 %) | |
Insulin ± oral agents | 17 (11.5 %) | 79 (54.1 %) | |
Diet | 36 (24.3 %) | 3 (2.1 %) | |
Educational level, n (%) | 0.629 | ||
≤ Primary | 90 (60.8 %) | 113 (77.4 %) | |
Secondary | 40 (27.0 %) | 30 (20.5 %) | |
Graduate or higher | 18 (12.2 %) | 3 (2.1 %) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | 0.045 | ||
More than 25 min/day | 98 (66.2 %) | 81 (55.9 %) | |
Less than 25 min/day | 50 (33.8 %) | 64 (44.1 %) | |
rMED | 8.3 (2.9) | 7.7 (2.8) | 0.220 |