Table 1 Participants’ characteristics according to their frailty status
Very fit--well (N = 189) | Well + comorbid--Apparently vulnerable (N = 108) | Mildly frail--Moderately frail (N = 37) | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
65-74 | 98 (51.9) | 42 (38.9) | 8 (21.6) | 0.0006 |
75-85 | 77 (40.7) | 50 (46.3) | 19 (51.4) | |
85+ | 14 (7.4) | 16 (14.8) | 10 (27.0) | |
Male | 45 (23.3) | 24 (22.4) | 9 (24.3) | 1.0 |
Schooling | ||||
Primary | 14 (7.6) | 17 (16.0) | 4 (11.1) | 0.0004 |
Secondary | 55 (29.7) | 47 (44.3) | 11 (30.6) | |
College | 40 (21.6) | 23 (21.7) | 3 (8.3) | |
University | 76 (41.1) | 19 (17.9) | 18 (50.0) | |
Number of comorbidities | ||||
0–4 | 125 (66.1) | 59 (54.6) | 14 (38.9) | 0.004 |
5–13 | 64 (33.9) | 49 (45.4) | 22 (61.1) | |
Living alone, without help | 66 (35.1) | 36 (33.3) | 9 (24.3) | 0.4 |
Social Support Index (SSI > 63/100) | 159 (84.6) | 83 (78.3) | 24 (68.6) | 0.06 |
ED visits in the last 3 months | 21 (11.2) | 17 (15.9) | 4 (11.8) | 0.5 |
Falls in the last 3 months | 31 (16.4) | 24 (22.2) | 7 (20.0) | 0.5 |
Numbers of outings/week < 5 | 150 (82.9) | 69 (63.9) | 18 (56.3) | 0.0001 |
Occasional use of a walking aid | 17 (9.1) | 25 (23.2) | 17 (47.2) | <0.0001 |
Baseline BADL score (14/14) | 137 (72.5) | 98 (90.7) | 29 (78.4) | <0.0001 |
Baseline IADL score (<14) | 137 (72.5) | 51 (47.2) | 15 (40.5) | <0.0001 |
Injury mechanisma | ||||
- Fall from own height | 134 (72.0) | 80 (75.5) | 31 (86.1) | 0.5 |
- Fall from greater height | 24 (12.9) | 16 (15.1) | 4 (11.1) | |
- Motor vehicle accident | 5 (2.7) | 3 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
- Others | 23 (12.4) | 7 (6.6) | 1 (2.8) | |
Location of fracture (injured body region)a | ||||
Head | 9 (4.8) | 6 (5.6) | 3 (8.1) | 0.6 |
Spine | 5 (2.7) | 3 (2.8) | 3 (8.1) | |
Upper limb | 104 (55.0) | 53 (49.1) | 22 (59.5) | |
Thorax | 27 (14.3) | 17 (15.7) | 5 (13.5) | |
Lower limb | 37 (19.6) | 25 (23.2) | 4 (10.8) | |
Multiple | 7 (3.7) | 4 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Description of injury | ||||
Fracture only | 133 (70.4) | 61 (56.5) | 28 (75.7) | 0.02 |
With co-occurring injuriesb | 56 (29.6) | 47 (43.5) | 9 (24.3) | |
Tear | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.9) | 0 | |
Abrasion | 9 (4.8) | 12 (11.1) | 0 | |
Luxation | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 0 | |
Laceration | 10 (5.3) | 16 (14.8) | 0 | |
Contusion | 26 (13.8) | 25 (23.2) | 3 (8.1) | |
Sprain | 5 (2.7) | 4 (3.7) | 2 (5.4) | |
Avulsion | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (2.7) | |
Effusion | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 0 | |
Traumatic brain injury | 16 (8.5) | 14 (13) | 5 (13.5) | |
Injury Severity Score (ISS) (/75) | ||||
1–2 | 22 (11.6) | 10 (9.3) | 3 (6.9) | 0.1 |
3–4 | 141 (74.6) | 70 (64.8) | 27 (62.7) | |
5 + | 26 (13.8) | 28 (25.9) | 7 (18.9) | |
Pain (Visual Analog Scale ≥7/10) | 20 (10.7) | 14 (13.0) | 6 (16.2) | 0.6 |
Short Falls Efficacy Scale-International (<9.8) | 120 (63.5) | 56 (51.9) | 14 (38.9) | 0.01 |
Cognitive status (MoCA < 23/30 or TICS-modified ≤ 31/50) | 36 (19.7) | 37 (35.2) | 10 (28.6) | 0.01 |