Table 4 Significant DIF in PMH items by gender, age and ethnicity group comparisons

Women vs. Men

I tell myself that things would get better (GC)

6

I am able to control many situations around me (PGA)

6

I am focused on what I want to do in life (PGA)

6

I know what I need to do to reach my goals (PGA)

6

I believe God has a plan for me (S)

6

I am willing to compromise with people (IS)

6

Younger (21–39y) vs. older (40–65y)

I am willing to give up something if it makes my family or friends happy (IS)

6

I have freedom to make choices that concern my future (PGA)

6

How often in the past 4 weeks have you felt peaceful (GA)

6

How often in the past 4 weeks have you felt calm (GA)

5

Malay vs. Chinese

I have confidence in the decisions I make (PGA)

6

I gain spiritual strength by trusting in a higher power (S)

6

Indian vs. Chinese

I am focused on what I want to do in life (PGA)

6

I believe God has a plan for me (S)

6

I gain spiritual strength by trusting in a higher power (S)

6