Fig. 1

Unrestricted SEM (Fig. 1a, top panel) and restricted SEM (Fig. 1b, lower panel) with standardized regression estimates for sense of coherence (SOC), neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), self-efficacy (GSE) at age 15 and consumption of tobacco (TOB), alcohol (ALC) and cannabis (CAN) at age 15 and age 24 (T14) (time interval = 9 years) with N = 164. Paths are significant at †p < .10, ^* p < .05, ^** p < .01, and ^*** p < .001