Variable | Physical | Psychological | Social | Environment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean( ±) | Mean( ±) | Mean( ±) | Mean( ±) | |
Age | ||||
60–69 years | 14.8 (2.6) | 13.7 (2.4) | 10.9 (3.5) | 12.8 (2.4 |
≥ 70 years | 13.8 (2.7) | 13.6 (2.6) | 10.7 (3.4) | 12.9 (2.7) |
P-value | 0.010 | 0.890 | 0.752 | 0.806 |
Gender | ||||
Female | 12.9 (2.9) | 12.7 (2.5) | 9.5 (3.5) | 12.2 (2.5) |
Male | 15.1 (2.3) | 14.2 (2.4) | 11.4 (3.2) | 13.3 (2.5) |
P-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.003 |
Ethnicity | ||||
India | 14.2 (3.3 | 14.1 (1.9) | 10.4 (2.9) | 13.1 (1.7) |
Malay | 13.1 (3.9) | 14.3 (2.7) | 13.2 (4.4) | 13.3 (3.1) |
Chinese | 14.4 (2.6) | 13.6 (2.5) | 10.7 (3.4) | 12.9 (2.6) |
Others | 14.0 (3.6) | 13.7 (4.1) | 12.0 (8.0) | 13.7 (2.5) |
P-value | 0.766 | 0.782 | 0.309 | 0.926 |
Marital status | ||||
Single | 14.4 (2.8) | 13.3 (2.4) | 10.4 (3.2) | 13.2 (2.6) |
Married | 14.2 (2.6) | 13.8 (2.5) | 10.9 (3.5) | 12.7 (2.5) |
P-value | 0.645 | 0.155 | 0.256 | 0.211 |
Level of education | ||||
None/primary | 13.6 (2.9) | 13.1 (2.6) | 9.9 (3.2) | 12.6 (2.6) |
Secondary/tertiary | 14.7 (2.5) | 14.0 (2.3) | 11.2 (3.4) | 13.1 (2.4) |
P-value | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.194 |
Pension | ||||
Yes | 14.1 (3.1) | 14.3 (3.1) | 10.5 (3.3) | 12.7 (3.1) |
No | 14.3 (2.7) | 13.6 (2.4) | 10.8 (3.4) | 12.9 (2.5) |
P-value | 0.668 | 0.238 | 0.748 | 0.662 |
Economic status | ||||
Poor/intermediate | 14.2 (2.6) | 13.5 (2.4) | 10.6 (3.3) | 12.8 (2.5) |
Good | 15.8 (3.1) | 15.4 (2.8) | 12.9 (3.7) | 13.8 (3.1) |
P-value | 0.037 | 0.008 | 0.019 | 0.187 |
Outdoor leisure activity | ||||
Yes | 14.8 (2.4) | 13.9 (2.4) | 11.2 (3.4) | 13.1 (2.5) |
No | 12.7 (3.0) | 12.6 (2.5) | 9.3 (2.8) | 12.1 (2.6) |
P-value | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.021 |
Smoking status | ||||
Smoker | 14.1 (2.4) | 13.3 (2.4) | 10.3 (3.1) | 12.9 (2.6) |
Non-smoker | 14.4 (2.8) | 13.8 (2.5) | 10.9 (3.5) | 12.8 (2.5) |
P-value | 0.475 | 0.216 | 0.233 | 0.984 |
Alcohol status | ||||
Drinkers | 14.1 (2.5) | 13.6 (2.5) | 10.1 (3.6) | 13.1 (2.6) |
Non-drinker | 14.3 (2.8) | 13.7 (2.5) | 10.8 (3.4) | 12.9 (2.6) |
P-value | 0.779 | 0.866 | 0.394 | 0.755 |
Physical activity | ||||
yes | 15.0 (3.1) | 14.1 (2.6) | 11.6 (3.2) | 13.5 (2.6) |
No | 13.9 (2.5) | 13.5 (2.4) | 10.4 (3.4) | 12.6 (2.5) |
P-value | 0.013 | 0.078 | 0.025 | 0.021 |
Duration of residence in home | ||||
< 2 years | 14.0 (2.8) | 13.1 (2.3) | 9.6 93.1) | 12.3 (2.5) |
≥ 2 years | 14.6 (2.6) | 14.3 (2.5) | 12.1 (3.4) | 13.6 (2.4) |
P-value | 0.135 | 0.001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Type of accommodation | ||||
Ward | 14.3 (2.8) | 13.6 (2.5) | 10.5 (3.3) | 12.7 (2.5) |
Twin-sharing | 14.1 (2.7) | 14.6 (2.4) | 13.2 (3.5) | 14.5 (2.1) |
P-value | 0.656 | 0.001 | 0.081 | 0.004 |
Chronic co-morbidities | ||||
Yes | 13.9 (2.5) | 13.3 (2.4) | 10.2 (3.2) | 12.6 (2.6) |
No | 16.2 (2.9) | 15.5 (2.4) | 13.5 (3.2) | 14.6 (1.8) |
P-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Social support | ||||
Low | 13.4 (2.7) | 12.1 (2.1) | 8.6 (2.7) | 11.5 (2.3) |
High/medium | 15.1 (2.5) | 15.1 (1.9) | 12.7 (2.8) | 14.3 (2.1) |
P-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |