Year | Study description | Equivalence indices | Rigour | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors and study ID | eMode | D | R | AP | N | Population | Mean age (SD) | eMode comparison | Measure(s) | SMD | Corr | K | Time lag | PC/95 % CIs | ||
Araujo et al. [16] | 2012 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 21 | Asthma | 29(10) | Paper–web/PC | ACQ, AQLQ | 0.025 | – | – | – | 4 weeks | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
Ashley et al. [17] | 2012 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 111 | Cancer | 57(13.2) | Paper–web/PC | SDI–21 | 0.006 | 0.89 | – | – | 19 days | Unknown |
Basnov et al. [18] | 2009 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 41 | Cancer | 47.2(9) | Paper–web/PC | SF–36 | – | 0.77 | – | – | ≈2 weeks | CI ✓ |
Beaumont et al. [19] | 2011 | Web/PC | P | Y | N | 1006 | COPD | 55(11.4) | Paper–web/PC | COPD–PS | 0.012 | 0.82 | – | – | 5–7 days | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
Bennett et al. [20] | 2013 | Web/PC | C* | Y | Y–A | 170 | Cancer | 56(11) | Paper–web/PC | BFI, NRS LASA QOL | – | 0.97 | – | – | Next day | Unknown |
IVRS | Paper–IVRS | 0.89 | ||||||||||||||
Web/PC–IVRS | 0.88 | |||||||||||||||
Bernabe–Ortiz et al. [21] | 2008 | PDA | W | N | N | 200 | Sexual Health | 22.9(3.4) | Paper–PDA | [STD Symptoms] | – | – | – | 0.86 | Immediate | No |
Bernstein et al. [22] | 2013 | Web/PC | W | N | N | 116 | Sexual Health | Paper–web/PC | SHIM | 0.002 | 0.87 | – | – | 1 week | Unknown | |
Bishop et al. [23] | 2010 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 167 | Back Pain | 46.28 | Paper–web/PC | RMDQ | 0.001 | 0.97 | – | – | Immediate | PC ✓ |
Bushnell et al. [24] | 2012 | Web/PC | C | Y | Y–P | 314 | General | 53(12.5) | Paper–web/PC | ENSEMBLE MDS | – | 0.87 | – | – | 24 hours | Unknown |
Bushnell et al. [25] (a) | 2013 | Web/PC | C | Y | Y–P | 228 | General | 44.3(13.5) | Paper–web/PC | PDHCO | – | 0.90 | – | – | 1 week | Unknown |
Bushnell et al. [26] (b) | 2013 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 63 | Dermatology | 50.2(13.6) | Paper–web/PC | PSI | 0.023 | 0.96 | – | – | 24 hours | Unknown |
Carlbring et al. [27] | 2007 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 494 | Panic disorder | 37.6(10.9) | Paper–web/PC | BSQ, ACQ, MI, BAI, | 0.021 | – | 0.90 | – | <36 hours | PC ✓ |
BDI, QOLI, MADRAS | ||||||||||||||||
Chen et al. [28] | 2007 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 150 | General | 30.8 | Paper–web/PC | SF–36 | 0.013 | – | – | – | 10 minutes | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
Clayer et al. [29] | 2011 | Web/PC | W | N | N | 46 | Cancer | 53.5(13.9) | Paper–web/PC | TESS | 0.005 | 0.97 | – | – | 7 days | CI ✓ |
Coles et al. [30] | 2007 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 105 | OCD | 19.01(1.41) | Paper–web/PC | OCI, OBQ–44 | 0.027 | – | 0.78 | – | ≈2 days | No |
Cook et al. [31] | 2007 | Tablet | C | Y | N | 80 | Depression | 44.1(11.6) | Paper–Tablet | QIDS–SR16 | 0.007 | 0.99 | – | – | Immediate | CI ✓ |
Cubo et al. [32] | 2012 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 42 | Parkinson’s | 64.7(9) | Paper–web/PC | PDQ–39, NMSQ, UPDRS | – | 0.82 | – | – | <5 days | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
II, UPDRS IV | ||||||||||||||||
Dalal et al. [33] | 2011 | Web/PC IVRS | C | Y | N | 149 | COPD | 53.1(10) | Paper–web/PC | LFQ | 0.014 | 0.81 | – | – | 1 week | CI ✓ |
Paper–IVRS | 0.005 | 0.93 | ||||||||||||||
Dunn et al. [34] | 2007 | IVRS | W | N | N | 99 | Sexual function | 31 | Paper–IVRS | CSFQ | – | – | 0.91 | – | Unknown | Unknown |
Dupont et al. [35] | 2009 | Tablet | W | Y | N | 56 | Cancer | 54(13) | Paper–Tablet | FACT–G (Social Well–Being Subscale) | 0.035 | – | – | – | 1 minute | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
Gibbons et al. [36] | 2011 | PDA | C | Y | N | 12 | Appetite | 25.6(6.3) | Paper–PDA | VAS | – | – | 0.93 | – | 30 minutes | CI ✓ |
Godfrey et al. [37] | 2013 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 35 | Shoulder injury | 48 | Paper–web/PC | WORC | 0.016 | 0.89 | – | – | Immediate | PC ✓ |
Griffiths–Jones et al. [38] | 2012 | Web/PC | C | Y | Y–A | 47 | Hip injury | Paper–web/PC | Oxford hip score, | 0.004 | 0.97 | – | – | 1 week | PC ✓, CI ✓ | |
McCarthy hip score, UCLA activity, howRu | ||||||||||||||||
Gudbergsen et al. [39] | 2011 | Tablet | C | Y | N | 20 | Osteoarthritis | 66.5(7) | Paper–Tablet | KOOS, VAS (pain, | 0.024 | 0.95 | – | – | 5 minutes | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
function, global), SF– 36, PainDirect | ||||||||||||||||
Handa et al. [40] | 2008 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 43 | Gynecology | 52(13) | Paper–web/PC | PFDI–20, PFIQ–7 | – | 0.86 | – | – | <6 weeks | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
Heiberg et al. [41] | 2007 | PDA | C | N | N | 38 | Rheumatology | 58.4(12.9) | Paper–PDA | VAS, SF–36, m–HAQ | 0.010 | – | – | – | 3 weeks | Unknown |
Hollandare et al. [42] | 2010 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 87 | Depression | 41.1(13) | Paper–web/PC | MADRS–S, BDI–II | 0.012 | – | 0.87 | – | ≈10 days | No |
Hollen et al. [43] | 2013 | PDA | W | N | N | 86 | Cancer | 67 | Paper–PDA | LCSS | – | 0.92 | – | – | 15 minutes | CI ✓ |
Inman et al. [44] | 2012 | Web/PC | W | N | Y–A | 1439 | Rheumatology | 56.5(14) | Paper–web/PC | HAQ–II, Pain, GA, | 0.006 | – | – | – | 6 months | Unknown |
Fatigue | ||||||||||||||||
Jaspan et al. [45] | 2007 | PDA | C | Y | N | 212 | Sexual beh. | 14.5(2.75) | Paper–PDA | Individual items | 0.035 | – | 0.72 | – | 2 weeks | CI ✓ |
Jones et al. [46] | 2008 | Web/PC | P | N | N | 183 | Mental health | 20.1(2.6) | Paper–web/PC | PIQ, LSHS–R | 0.016 | – | – | – | N/A | No |
Juniper et al. [47] | 2007 | PDA | C | Y | N | 70 | Rhino–conjunctivitis | 41 | Paper–PDA | RQLQ | 0.014 | 0.90 | – | – | 2 hours | No |
Juniper et al. [48] | 2009 | PDA | C | Y | N | 68, 27 | Asthma & Rhino– conjunctivitis | 41 | Paper–PDA | AQLQ(S), ACQ, RQLQ(S) | – | 0.89 | 0.89 | – | 2 hours | CI ✓ |
Junker et al. [49] | 2008 | PDA | C | Y | N | 200 | Chronic pain | 57 | Paper–PDA | Average, present, worst pain & PainDetect | 0.026 | – | – | – | <1 day | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
Kajander et al. [50] | 2007 | PDA | W | N | Y–A | 15 | IBS | 42 | Paper–PDA | IBS | 0.008 | 0.96 | – | – | Unknown | CI ✓ |
Koolen et al. [51] | 2011 | Web/PC | C* | Y | N | 156 | Asthma | 11.25(1.9) | Paper–web/PC | C–ACT, ACT | – | 0.83 | – | – | <5 days | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
Lam et al. [52] | 2009 | IVRS | C | Y | N | 64 | IBD | 43.1(13.8) | Paper–IVRS | SIBDQ | 0.013 | – | 0.89 | – | ≈7 days | No |
Lee et al. [53] | 2009 | Tablet | C | Y | N | 261 | Asthma | 40.8(12.1) | Paper–Tablet | A–QOL | – | – | – | 0.85 | Unknown | Unknown |
Luce et al. [54] | 2007 | Web/PC | C* | Y | N | 74 | Eating disorders | 15.4(0.3) | Paper–web/PC | risk for eating disorders | 0.025 | – | – | 0.74 | 1 week | Unknown |
Lundy and Coons [55] | 2011 | IVRS | C | Y | N | 113 | General | 61.5 | Paper–IVRS | EQ–5D index & VAS | 0.018 | 0.89 | – | 0.71 | 3 days | Unknown |
Lundy et al. [56] | 2013 | IVRS | C | Y | N | 139 | Cancer | 61.5 | Paper–IVRS | QLQ–C30 | 0.015 | 0.82 | – | – | 2 days | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
Mackenzie et al. [57] | 2011 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 56–63 | Psoriatic | 53 | Paper–web/PC | HAQ, SF–36, mFSS, | 0.003 | 0.95 | – | – | Consecutive | CI ✓ |
Arthritis | FACIT–F, DLQI, BASDAI, BASFI, BASG, BASQoL, EQ–5D | |||||||||||||||
Marceau et al. [58] | 2007 | PDA | C | Y | N | 36 | Chronic Pain | 48 (8) | Paper–PDA | Pain diary | 0.020 | 2 weeks | No | |||
Matthew et al. [59] | 2007 | PDA | C* | Y | N | 39–53 | Cancer | 67.2(10.3) | Paper–PDA | IPSS | 0.042 | 0.85 | 30 minutes | No | ||
McCarrier et al. (a) [60] | 2011 | Web/PC | C* | Y | Y–A | 258 | Mental Health | 48.6(13.5) | Paper–web/PC | PHQ– 4 | – | 0.86 | – | – | 1 week | Unknown |
McCarrier et al. (b) [61] | 2011 | Web/PC | C* | Y | Y–P | 256 | General | 48.6(13.5) | Paper–web/PC | MOS–SSS | – | 0.89 | – | – | 1 week | Unknown |
McCarrier et al. [62] | 2013 | Web/PC | C* | Y | Y–P | 230 | Multiple | 44.3(13.5) | Paper–web/PC | DBS | 0.020 | 0.88 | – | – | 24 hours | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
Mundt et al. [63] | 2010 | IVRS | W | N | N | 62 | Mental health | Paper–IVRS | DAS–A | 0.019 | 0.87 | 0.89 | – | 24 hours | Unknown | |
Parnell et al. [64] | 2011 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 50 | Pelvic floor | 50.4(11.6) | Paper–web/PC | PISQ–12 | 0.008 | 0.88 | – | – | 2 weeks | PC ✓, CI ✓ |
Raat et al. (a) [65] | 2007 | Web/PC | P | Y | N | 933 | Child health | 14.7(0.68) | Paper–web/PC | CHQ | 0.010 | – | – | – | – | Unknown |
Raat et al. (b) [66] | 2007 | Web/PC | P | Y | N | 933 | Asthma | 14.7(0.68) | Paper–web/PC | ISAAC | 0.008 | – | – | – | N/A | PC ✓ |
Ramachandran et al. [67] | 2008 | Tablet | C | Y | N | 314 | General | 35.5(14) | Paper–Tablet | EQ VAS | 0.014 | 0.75 | – | – | Unknown | Unknown |
Read et al. [68] | 2009 | Web/PC | C | N | N | 38 | Trauma | 19.6(1.5) | Paper–web/PC | TLEQ, PCL–C | 0.058 | – | 0.69 | – | 1 week | No |
Richardson et al. [69] | 2009 | Web/PC | P | N | N | 354 | Smoking Dx | 16(1.55) | Paper–web/PC | Social and emotional dependence, physical and sensory | 0.052 | – | – | – | N/A | No |
Richter et al. [70] | 2008 | Tablet | C | Y | N | 153 | Rheumatology | 45.7(14.4) | Paper–Tablet | FFbH. HAQ. BASDAI, SF–36 | 0.001 | – | 0.97 | – | Unknown | Unknown |
Salaffi et al. [71] | 2009 | Tablet | C | Y | N | 87 | Rheumatology | 65 | Paper–Tablet | VAS–GH/Pain/PGA, ROAD, TJC | 0.008 | 0.92 | – | – | 60 minutes | CI ✓ |
Saunders et al. [72] | 2007 | Web/PC | C* | N | N | 50 | Hearing loss | 65.6(8.9) | Paper–web/PC | ALHQ | – | – | 0.74 | – | 9–10 days | CI ✓ |
Shervin et al. [73] | 2011 | Web/PC | W | N | N | 61 | Osteoarthritisa | 63 | Paper–web/PC | The Harris hip score, | 0.017 | – | 0.85 | – | Immediate | PC ✓ |
Tablet | Others | Paper–Tablet | WOMAC, SF–36, EQ– | 0.005 | 0.84 | |||||||||||
Tablet–web/PC | 5D, UCLA activity score | 0.013 | 0.90 | |||||||||||||
Swartz et al. [74] | 2007 | PDA | C | Y | N | 756 | Mental Health | 55(13) | Paper–PDA | CES–D | 0.023 | – | – | – | Immediate | Unknown |
Thoren et al. [75] | 2012 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 53 | Hearing loss | 68.3(11.3) | Paper–web/PC | HHIE, IOI–HA, SADL, HADS | 0.016 | – | 0.73 | – | 3 weeks | No |
Tiplady et al. [76] | 2010 | PDA | C | Y | N | 43 | Rheumatoid Arthritis | 57 | Paper–PDA | HAQ–DI, EQ–5D, BPI, MPQ–SF, FACIT–F, SF–36, SARA | 0.009 | 0.88 | – | – | 1 hour | CI ✓ |
Turvey et al. [77] | 2012 | IVRS | W | N | N | 51 | Mental Health | 68(8) | Paper–IVRS | PHQ–9 | 0.036 | 0.65 | – | – | 1 week | No |
Vallejo et al. [78] | 2007 | Web/PC | W | N | N | 185 | Mental Health | 27.4(10.0) | Paper–web/PC | GHQ–28, SCL–90–R | 0.020 | – | 0.69 | – | ≈17 days | No |
Vallejo et al. [79] | 2008 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 40 | Mental Health | 22.2 | Paper–web/PC | GHQ–28, SCL–90 (Spanish) | – | – | 0.84 | – | <1 week | No |
Varni et al. [80] | 2008 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 92 | Diabetes | 13.2(3.42) | Paper–web/PC | PedsQL 4.0 | 0.007 | 0.89 | <5 minutes | No | ||
Vinney et al. [81] | 2011 | PDA | C | Y | N | 19 | Speech | 9.58(1.22) | Paper–PDA | PedsQL 4.0. | 0.008 | 0.86 | – | – | 3 weeks | PC ✓ |
Whitehead et al. [82] | 2011 | Web/PC | P | Y | N | 1034 | Mental Health | 24.07(8.5) | Paper–web/PC | HADS, SF–36v2, FSI and Fatigue item | 0.012 | – | – | – | N/A | CI ✓ |
Wijndaele et al. [83] | 2007 | Web/PC | W | N | N | 130 | Mental health | 46.5 | Paper–web/PC | GHQ–12, SCL–90–R, MOS–SSS, PSS, UCL | – | 0.76 | – | – | 1 week | No |
Wu et al. [84] | 2009 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 34 | Heart failure | 49(14.2) | Paper–web/PC | KCCQ, MLHFQ, SCHFI | 0.027 | – | – | – | 2 weeks | CI ✓ |
Young et al. [85] | 2009 | Web/PC | C | Y | N | 69 | Child health | 11(1.55) | Paper–web/PC | ASK, PedsQL | 0.013 | 0.81 | – | – | 2 weeks | CI ✓ |
Yu and Yu, 2007 [86] | 2007 | Web/PC | P | Y | N | 1171 | Mental health | Paper–web/PC | CES–D Chinese | 0.019 | – | – | – | N/A | No | |
Zimmerman & Martinez [87] | 2012 | Web/PC | W | N | N | 53 | Mental health | 45.1(12.3) | Paper–web/PC | CUDOS | 0.009 | 0.96 | – | – | <2 days | No |