Table 5 Comparison of change in CD4 count and QoL among 586 patients receiving ART at the Mulago HIV clinic in Uganda between April 2012 and December 2013
Outcome QoL score | PHS | MHS | GPGI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor variable β coefficient (95 % CI)/ odds ratio (95 % CI) | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate |
Change in CD4 count | 0.0001 (−0.0013 to 0.0016) | 0.0001 (−0.0014 to 0.0015) | 0.0004 (−0.0009 to 0.0018) | 0.0009 (−0.0005 to 0.0023) | 0.9999 (0.9990 to 1.0001) | 0.9999 (0.9991 to 1.0008) |
SE = 0.0007 | SE = 0.0007 | SE = 0.0007 | SE = 0.0007 | SE = 0.0004 | SE = 0.0004 | |
Baseline CD4 count (cells/μL) | ||||||
 <100 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 101−350 | 0.82 (0.21 to 1.44) | 0.64 (0.02 to 1.25) | 0.12 (−0.44 to 0.68) | −0.02 (−0.61 to 0.57) | 0.89 (0.63 to 1.24) | 0.79 (0.54 to 1.14) |
 >350 | 0.90 (0.03 to 1.76) | 0.62 (−0.23 to 1.47) | 0.32 (−0.47 to 1.11) | 0.26 (−0.56 to 1.08) | 0.81 (0.51 to 1.30) | 0.68 (0.41 to 1.13) |
Gender | ||||||
 Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Female | −0.30 (−0.78 to 0.18) | 0.02 (−0.50 to 0.54) | −0.87 (−1.30 to −0.43) | −0.78 (−1.28 to −0.29) | 0.83 (0.64 to 1.07) | 1.14 (0.84 to 1.56) |
Age in years | ||||||
 <30 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 30−39 | −0.46 (−0.98 to 0.053) | −0.44 (−0.95 to 0.07) | 0.46 (−0.01 to 0.93) | 0.27 (−0.23 to 0.76) | 0.92 (0.70 to 1.20) | 0.91 (0.67 to 1.22) |
 ≥40 | −0.56 (−1.17 to 0.05) | 0.50 (−1.12 to 0.11) | 0.15 (−0.40 to 0.71) | 0.10 (−0.49 to 0.69) | 0.93 (0.67 to 1.30) | 0.95 (0.66 to 1.38) |
Education level | ||||||
 ≤Primary | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Secondary | 0.69 (0.21 to 1.17) | 0.44 (−0.03 to 0.92) | −0.19 (−0.63 to 0.25) | −0.11 (−0.56 to 0.35) | 1.27 (0.98 to 1.65) | 1.12 (0.84 to 1.48) |
 Apprenticeship | 1.74 (0.81 to 2.66) | 0.96 (0.06 to 1.86) | 0.38 (−0.47 to 1.23) | 0.23 (−0.63 to 1.09) | 1.17 (0.74 to 1.84) | 0.84 (0.53 to 1.39) |
 Tertiary | 2.31 (0.94 to 3.68) | 1.72 (0.28 to 3.15) | −1.05 (−2.31 to 0.21) | −1.86 (−3.23 to −0.48) | 3.72 (1.17 to 11.87) | 3.65 (1.06 to 12.56) |
Marital status | ||||||
 Currently married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Divorced/separated | −0.15 (−0.70 to 0.40) | 0.15 (−0.40 to 0.70) | −0.60 (−1.10 to −0.10) | −0.42 (−0.95 to 0.10) | 0.73 (0.54 to 0.97) | 0.73 (0.54 to 0.99) |
 Single | 0.53 (−0.34 to 1.39) | 0.58 (−0.31 to 1.46) | −0.68 (−1.46 to 0.10) | −0.52 (−1.37 to 0.33) | 0.92 (0.58 to 1.44) | 0.85 (0.51 to 1.42) |
 Widowed | −0.59 (−1.45 to 0.27) | −0.41 (−1.27 to 0.46) | −0.73 (−1.51 to 0.05) | −0.49 (−1.31 to 0.33) | 0.63 (0.40 to 0.99) | 0.73 (0.45 to 1.18) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
 Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 No | −0.15 (−0.68 to 0.39) | 0.02 (−0.51 to 0.55) | −0.20 (−0.69 to 0.28) | −0.27 (−0.77 to 0.24) | 1.49 (1.13 to 1.96) | 1.56 (1.14 to 2.14) |
Income per month in USD | ||||||
 <20 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 20−60 | −0.22 (−0.82 to 0.37) | −0.18 (−0.91 to 0.55) | −0.12 (−0.67 to 0.43) | −0.47 (−1.17 to 0.23) | 1.00 (0.73 to 1.37) | 0.99 (0.65 to 1.50) |
 >60 | 0.77 (0.24 to 1.31) | 0.37 (−0.33 to 1.06) | 0.27 (−0.23 to 0.76) | −0.26 (−0.93 to 0.41) | 1.59 (1.20 to 2.12) | 1.43 (0.95 to 2.14) |
Smoking status | ||||||
 Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 No | −0.40 (−1.61 to 0.80) | −0.27 (−1.46 to 0.92) | 0.43 (−0.66 to 1.52) | 0.78 (−0.35 to 1.92) | 1.33 (0.73 to 2.42) | 1.04 (0.50 to 2.18) |
Social support | ||||||
 Yes, family | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Yes, other | 0.52 (−0.14 to 1.19) | 0.49 (−0.15 to 1.14) | −0.19 (−0.80 to 0.41) | −0.10 (−0.72 to 0.51) | 0.83 (0.60 to 1.15) | 0.98 (0.69 to 1.39) |
 None | −0.37 (−1.72 to 0.97) | −0.44 (−1.76 to 0.87) | −1.27 (−2.49 to −0.04) | −1.15 (−2.41 to 0.10) | 0.74 (0.41 to 1.34) | 0.84 (0.44 to 1.63) |
Depression score No depression | ||||||
 (<16) | Ref | Ref | - | - | Ref | Ref |
 Probable depression (≥16) | −1.95 (−2.35 to −1.55 | −1.71 (−2.12 to −1.31) |  |  | 0.37 (0.30 to 0.45) | 0.39 (0.31 to 0.49) |
Opportunistic infection | ||||||
 Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 No | 0.46 (−0.03 to 0.96) | 0.07 (−0.42 to 0.56) | 0.30 (−0.15 to 0.75) | 0.13 (−0.34 to 0.59) | 1.33 (1.03 to 1.72) | 1.24 (0.94 to 1.64) |
WHO stage | ||||||
 Stages I and II | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Stages III and IV | −1.09 (−1.66 to −0.52) | −0.76 (−1.33 to −1.19) | −0.34 (−0.86 to 0.19) | −0.24 (−0.78 to 0.31) | 0.76 (0.57 to 1.02) | 0.78 (0.57 to 1.07) |
Religion | ||||||
 Christian | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Muslim | −0.41 (−1.02 to 0.20) | −0.17 (−0.77 to 0.43) | 0.48 (−0.08 to 1.03) | 0.55 (−0.02 to 1.13) | 1.10 (0.79 to 1.53) | 1.11 (0.78 to 1.59) |
 Other | 0.03 (−1.02 to 0.20) | −0.20 (−1.79 to 1.38) | −0.70 (−2.21 to 0.81) | −0.71 (−2.22 to 0.81) | 0.89 (0.41 to 1.90) | 0.76 (0.36 to 1.59) |
Employment status | ||||||
 Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 No | −0.31 (−0.90 to 0.28) | −0.12 (−0.90 to 0.65) | −0.27 (−0.81 to 0.26) | −0.39 (−1.13 to 0.35) | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.63 to 1.51) |