Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the 5-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Singapore

Table 4 Odds ratios of reporting problems in EQ-5D-5L dimensions between different language groups

Dimension	Unadjusted OR (95 % CI)^a			Adjusted OR (95 % CI)^a
Dimension	Chinese vs. English^b	Malay vs. English^b	Malay vs. Chinese^c	Chinese vs. English^b	Malay vs. English^b	Malay vs. Chinese^c
Mobility	0.971 (0.640 to 1.474)	0.662 (0.450 to 0.976)	0.682 (0.443 to 1.051)	1.589 (0.847 to 2.982)	0.882 (0.500 to 1.557)	0.435 (0.221 to 0.855)
Self-care	0.782 (0.470 to 1.301)	0.750 (0.458 to 1.228)	0.959 (0.566 to 1.624)	1.741 (0.808 to 3.751)	1.211 (0.604 to 2.429)	0.634 (0.282 to 1.427)
Usual activities	0.875 (0.568 to 1.348)	0.832 (0.548 to 1.264)	0.950 (0.602 to 1.501)	1.600 (0.836 to 3.060)	1.105 (0.615 to 1.986)	0.566 (0.284 to 1.128)
Pain/discomfort	0.756 (0.528 to 1.081)	0.963 (0.717 to 1.294)	1.275 (0.866 to 1.877)	0.826 (0.478 to 1.428)	1.157 (0.681 to 1.967)	1.107 (0.609 to 2.012)
Anxiety/depression	0.745 (0.509 to 1.090)	0.861 (0.592 to 1.253)	1.156 (0.770 to 1.737)	0.741 (0.415 to 1.321)	1.115 (0.629 to 1.975)	1.498 (0.789 to 2.843)

CI confidence interval; EQ-5D-5L 5-level EQ-5D; OR odds ratio
^aLogistic regression was used; the event was endorsing the response option of “no(t)” as opposed to “slight(ly)”, “moderate(ly)”, “severe(ly)”, or “unable”/ “extreme(ly)”
^bEnglish version was the reference group
^cChinese version was the reference group

ISSN: 1477-7525